MNGT 3810 ch. 2 management theory

what are some of the ideas introduced by Peter Drucker?

-workers should be treated as assets
-the corporation should be considered a human community
-there is “no business without a customer.”

-institutionalized management practices are preferable to charasmatic cult leaders

what is the classical viewpoint?

emphasizes finding ways to manage work more efficiently, assumes people are rational. Includes scientific management and administrative management

What are the 4 principles of scientific management pioneered by Frederick Taylor

Frederick Taylor
-evaluate a task by scientifically studying each part of it
-carefully select workers with the right abilities for the task
-give workers the training and incentives to do the task with the proper work methods
-use scientific principles to plan the work methods and ease the way for workers to do their jobs

what are the scientific management principles pioneered by Frank and Lillian Gilbreth?

-identified 17 basic motions workers can perform
-helped workers eliminate unecessary motions and reduce their fatigue
-reinforced the link between studying the physical movements in a job and workers’ efficiency

Charles Clinton Spaulding

Highlighted the need to enrich “the lives of his organizational and community family” while simultaneously focusing on making a profit.

Henri Fayol

Fayol was the first to identify the major functions of management—planning, organizing, leading, controlling and coordinating

Max Weber

Bureaucratic organizations reduced ambiguity in three ways:

1. defining a hierarchy of authority.

2. detailing a clear division of labor.

3. documenting formal rules and procedures.

what is the problem with the classical viewpont?

It is too mechanistic
-tends to view humans as a cog within a machine, not taking into account the importance of human needs

Behavioral viewpoint

emphasized the importance of understanding human behavior and motivating employees toward achievement

the three phases of the behavioral viewpoint

1. early behaviorism - pioneered by Munsterberg, Follett, and Mayo

2. the human relations movement - pioneered by Maslow and McGregor

3. behavioral science

behaviorism in Munsterberg’s eyes

 Suggested that psychologists could contribute to industry in three

ways:

1. Study jobs and determine which people are best suited to

specific jobs.

2. Identify the psychological conditions under which employees do

their best work.

3. Devise management strategies to influence employees to follow

management’s interests.

behaviorism in Follett’s eyes

organizations should become more democratic, with managers and employees working cooperatively

Mayo

Mayo led a Harvard research group to conduct worker

productivity studies at Western Electric’s Hawthorne (Chicago)

plant in the late 1920s

what is the Hawthorne effect and who discovered it?

Mayo; Employees worked harder if they received added attention, if they thought that managers cared about their welfare, or that supervisors paid special attention to them

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Maslow observed that his patients had certain innate needs that had to be satisfied before they could reach their fullest potential

The human relations movement

Not enough for managers to try to be liked; they also need to be aware

of their attitudes toward employees. Pioneered by Douglas McGregor

Theory X

-Represents a pessimistic, negative view of workers
-Workers are considered irresponsible, resistant to change, lacking in ambition, hating work, and wanting to be led

Theory Y

-represents an optimistic, positive view of workers
-workers are considered capable of accepting responsibility, exercising self-direction and self-control, and being creative

operations management

focuses on managing the production and delivery of an organization’s products or services more effectively

Evidence-based management

entails translating principles based on best evidence into organizational practice, bringing rationality to the decision-making process.

system

a set of interrelated parts that operate together to achieve a common purpose.

synergy

in a system creates an effect that is greater than the sum of individual

efforts.

a learning organization

actively creates, acquires, and transfers knowledge within itself and is able to modify its behavior to reflect new knowledge

what do high-performance work practices include?

ability enhancing practices, motivation enhancing practices, and opportunity enhancing practices