US History Regents

.COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE-

the widespread transfer of plants, animals, diseases, ideas, and other items between the Old World and the New World

2.SUBSISTENCE FARMING-

The act of farming just enough for a family to get by and very little is left for profit

3.CASH CROPS-

An agricultural crops that is grown to sell for profit

4.INDENTURED SERVITUDE-

a form of labor where someone agrees to work without pay for a set period of time in exchange for something else

5. MERCANTILISM-

5. a system in which a country attempts to amass wealth through trade with other countries, exporting more than it imports

6.SALUTARY NEGLECT-

Rules and laws are loosely or not strongly enforced

7. TARIFF-

A tax on imported goods

8.SONS OF LIBERTY-

A patriot based political organization in the Thirteen Colonies

9. BOYCOTT-

to refuse to buy, use, or participate in (something) as a way of protesting

10. PROPAGANDA-

biased information that is used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view

11.NATURAL RIGHTS-

Universal rights that are given to all people at birth

12.CONFEDERATION—

an alliance of independent states that work together for a common purpose

14.COMPROMISE—

An agreement or a settlement of a dispute that is reached by each side making concessions

BICAMERAL—

A two house legislature

16. ELASTIC CLAUSE-

The ability for the federal government to make laws that are necessary and proper for the changing times

17.ELECTORAL COLLEGE—

a body of people representing the states of the US, who formally cast votes for the election of the president and vice president

18.JUDICIAL REVIEW—

The power held by the Supreme Court to declare a law unconstitutional

19.FEDERALISM—

The sharing or division of power between the federal and state governments

20 .IMPLIED POWERS—

Powers of the federal government that are not stated in writing but are granted due to the elastic clause

21.AMENDMENT-

A formal change to the Constitution in order to meet the nation’s changing needs

22. PRECEDENT-

an earlier event or action that is regarded as an example or guide for the future

23. LOBBYING-

an attempt to influence government action through either written or oral communication

24. ALIEN-

belonging to a foreign country or nation

25. SEDITION-

conduct or speech inciting people to rebel against authority

26. EMBARGO-

an official ban on trade or other commercial activity with a particular country.

27.IMPRESSMENT—

the practice of forcing men to serve in the military against their will

NATIONALISM—

identification with one's own nation and support for its interests

29.MONROE DOCTRINE—

US policy that states that any intervention by European nations in the Americas is a potentially hostile act against the US

30. MANIFEST DESTINY-

the belief that the United States had the divine right to expand westward

31.SECTIONALISM —

Strong sense of loyalty to a state or section instead of the whole country

32.COTTON GIN—

a machine that separates cotton seeds from cotton fibers

33.TRANSATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE—

Europeans kidnapped and transported millions of Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to be enslaved in the Americas

34.DOMESTIC SLAVE TRADE —

a system that facilitated the transfer of enslaved people between slaveholders.

34.ABOLITIONIST–

a person who advocates for the abolition (or an end to) of slavery

35.SUFFRAGE—

The right to vote

36.DECLARATION OF SENTIMENTS—

an outline of the rights American women should be entitled to as citizens

37.ANNEXATION—

To add territory to one’s own nation

38.SECEDE—

withdraw formally from membership of a federal union, an alliance, or a political or religious organization

POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY—

the idea that the government is authorized by citizens and influenced by what they want

40.UNCLE TOM’S CABIN—

An anti-slavery book written by Harriet Beecher Stowe about the conditions of slavery

41.THE UNION–

the group of states that remained loyal to the United States government, primarily the Northern states.

42.CONFEDERACY—

a political union of 11 southern states that seceded from the United States during the American Civil War to form their own nation

43.EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION —

a document issued by President Abraham Lincoln that declared the freedom of enslaved people in the Confederate states

44.GETTYSBURG ADDRESS—

A famous speech delivered by Abraham Lincoln after the Battle at Gettysburg

45.RECONSTRUCTION—

the period following the American Civil War, from 1865 to 1877

46.RADICAL REPUBLICANS—

a group of Republicans favoring strict and repressive measures against the southern states in the period following the Civil War.

47. IMPEACHMENT-

the process of formally charging a public official with misconduct in office

48. BLACK CODES—

laws passed in the Southern United States after the Civil War to limit the rights of formerly enslaved people

49.KU KLUX KLAN—

a violent post-Civil War secret society founded in Tennessee in 1866 to upend the Black political and social power that was being established during Reconstruction

PLESSY V. FERGUSON—

a landmark 1896 Supreme Court case that established the “separate but equal” doctrine

51. JIM CROW LAWS —

a collection of state and local laws that legalized racial segregation

52.TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILROAD-

An American railroad that connected the east coast to the west coast of The United States.

54.RESERVATION—

an area of land set aside for occupation by North American Indians

55.AMERICANIZATION—

the process of adapting to American culture, values, and customs

56. ALLOTMENT—

parcels of land given to individual Native Americans from their tribe's collective land

57.NATIVISM—

The apparent belief in the superiority of one nation’s people over another nation’s

58.NATURAL RESOURCE—

a material or feature in the environment that is useful to humans

59.MONOPOLY—

a single company is the only provider of a product or service

60.SOLE PROPRIETORSHIP—

A small business with one owner

.LAISSEZ-FAIRE—

The government does not interfere with business regulation

62.GILDED AGE-

An era when the rich spent freely and showed off their wealth

63.PHILANTHROPIST—

Someone who donates large amounts of money to charities and institutions (such as schools, museums, libraries, etc.)

URBANIZATION—

An increase in population in urban areas

65.LABOR UNION—

an organized association of workers, often in a trade or profession, formed to protect and further their rights and interests.

66. MUCKRAKER—

An activist who exposed corruption within big business and government through investigative reporting

67.IMPERIALISM—

a policy of extending a country’s power and influence through diplomacy or military force

68.YELLOW JOURNALISM–

journalism that is based upon sensationalism and crude exaggeration.

69.SPHERES OF INFLUENCE—

an area or region where a country, organization, or group has significant power and influence, even without direct control

70.MOBILIZATION—

the process of preparing military forces and civilian infrastructure for war

THE GREAT MIGRATION-

a large number of African Americans moved from the South to the North and West during the 20th century

72. THE RED SCARE-

A period during the Cold War where the American public was terrified of Communists and the spread of Communism

73. LEAGUE OF NATIONS-

73. the first international organization, formed after World War I, aiming to prevent future wars by resolving disputes through diplomacy and cooperation

MASS CONSUMPTION-

the widespread purchasing and consumption of goods and services by a large population

75. HARLEM RENAISSANCE-

a period of time in the early 1900s when African-American music, literature, and art flourished

76. PROHIBITION-

The period of 1920-1933 when the making and sale of liquor was illegal in the United States

77. MARGIN-

A small part of the total price of a stock purchase deposited with a broker at the time of purchase with the promise to pay the full sum at a later date (purchasing on credit)

78. BLACK TUESDAY-

the day the stock market crashed, marking a pivotal event that ushered in the Great Depression

79. HOOVERVILLES-

a shanty town built by unemployed and destitute people during the Depression of the early 1930s

80. THE NEW DEAL-

A name given to the programs of President Franklin D. Roosevelt

81. TOTALITARIANISM-

A form of government that attempts to assert total control over the lives of its citizens

82. APPEASEMENT-

a diplomatic policy where a country makes concessions to an aggressive power, like Nazi Germany, to avoid war

LEND-LEASE ACT-

A law that authorized the United States to lend or lease war supplies to countries deemed vital to the defense of the U.S.

84. WAR BONDS-

issued by the government as a means of borrowing money to finance its defense and military efforts during times of war

85. EXECUTIVE ORDER-

An executive order is a directive issued by the President that has the force of law

86. INTERNMENT-

the act of confining a person, typically in a prison or camp, often during wartime or for political reasons, without formal charges or a trial

87. MANHATTAN PROJECT-

a top-secret U.S. government program during World War II to develop the first atomic bomb

88. DOUBLE VICTORY CAMPAIGN-

The fight for African Americans to have victory over fascism abroad and victory over racism at home

89. CONTAINMENT-

A foreign policy used the United States with the goal of limiting the spread of communism

90. DEMOBILIZATION-

Releasing troops from active service and the return of industries to making consumer products

91. MCCARTHYISM-

The practice of making accusations of disloyalty, often without proper evidence, to discredit individuals or groups (specifically during the Red Scare)

SPACE RACE-

a competition between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. during the Cold War, focused on achieving firsts and advancements in space exploration

93. DOMINO THEORY-

The belief that if a country falls to communism, others around it will follow

94. DESEGREGATION-

The ending of a policy of segregation. This began with schools in the U.S. after Brown v. Board of Education