HOSA World Health and Disparities Flashcards - World Health Organization Notes

What is equity?

the absence of unfair, avoidable, or remediable differences among groups of people.

What are health and health equity determined by?

the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work, play, and age, along with biological determinants.

What are structural determinants?

political, legal, economic factors. Social norms and institutional processes shape the distribution of power and resources determined by the conditions above.

How are peoples' living conditions made worse?

Discrimination, stereotyping, prejudice based on sex, gender, age, race, ethnicity, or disability.

What are the main actions needed to achieve equity in health?

Knowledge, monitoring, and analysis

What should be the most important aspect of a country's health information system?

Monitoring health inequality

To improve health equity, what type of action is needed?

evidence-based action

What are examples on how to improve health equity?

1. Redesigning health systems for equity

2. Prioritizing the Primary Health Care approach

3. Acting / tackling structural determinants: Sexism, Racism, Ageism, Classism, Ablism

4. Addressing harmful, discriminatory gender norms and gender inequalities in health systems and services and policies, and including more women in health leadership positions / decision making.

5. Protecting and increasing investment in health and other social sectors through UHC (universal health coverage), education, and more social protections. Example: ensuring policies for decent work and employment conditions for all

6. Ensure equitable services and infrastructure

7. Continuing to monitor health inequalities and the impact of action.

What are human rights?

Human rights are universal rights for all humans, regardless of race, color, sex, language, religion, political opinion, national or social origin, property, birth, or other status.

What does every human being have the right to?

the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health

UHC

Universal Health Coverage

What are freedoms?

right to control one's health and body, sexual and reproductive rights, being free from interference (torture, non-consensual medical treatment, experimentation).

What are entitlements?

Right to access quality healthcare services without discrimination.

What approach do countries need to adopt towards health? (HRBA)

Human rights-based approach (HRBA).

What is included in a human rights-based approach?

- Non-discrimination and equality

- Participation

- Accountability

- Non-state actors (NGOs)

What are the core components of the right to health?

Availability, Accessibility, Acceptability, Quality

How is the WHO trying to achieve the goal of non-discriminatory access to effective, quality health services?

Advocating for the right to health and health-related human rights through communication campaigns

Raising awareness of health human rights

Supporting countries to integrate human rights standards into laws, programs, and policies

Building capacity on a rights-based approach (viewing healthcare as a right, not a privilege)

Providing evidence, analysis, and recommendations in health and human rights

Collaborating with other UN entities to ensure human rights are fundamental to effective health service deliveries.

How many people are at risk of falling into poverty due to health spending that is at least 10% of their budget?

Over 1 billion people

How many lives could be saved by scaling up PHC interventions across low and middle income countries?

60 million lives saved

How much could life expectancy increase by the year 2030 through scaling up PHC interventions across low and middle income countries?

3.7 years

What percentage of projected health gains in the SDGs could be achieved through PHC?

75%

What is Primary Health Care (PHC)?

a whole-of-society approach to health that aims at ensuring the highest possible level of health and well-being and their equitable distribution by focusing on people's needs and as early as possible along the continuum from health promotion and disease prevention to treatment, rehabilitation and palliative care, and as close as feasible to people's everyday environment. It is an approach that tries to ensure the best health standards and well-being, along with equitable distribution.

How much people in the world experience significant disability?

1.3 billion people

What percentage of the world population experiences significant disability?

16%

What fraction of the world population experiences significant disability?

1/6

How many years earlier could people with disabilities die than people without disabilities?

Up to 20 years

How much more likely are people with disabilities going to develop additional conditions?

2x

How much more difficult is transportation for people with disabilities?

15x

Why are the number of people with disabilities growing?

1. Increase in noncommunicable diseases

2. People living longer

What factors impact the experiences of disabled people?

sex, age, gender identity, sexual orientation, religion, race, ethnicity, and economic situations

What are factors contributing to health inequalities for disabled people?

- Structural factors

- Social determinants of health

- Risk factors

- Health system barriers

Investing in UHC gives what rate of return?

Nearly a 10 dollar return for every 1 dollar spent

Women with disabilities are how many times more likely to experience intimate partner violence?

2-4x

What are health inequities?

avoidable inequalities in health between groups of people within and between countries. They arise from inequalities within and between societies.

What is the social gradient's relationship?

The lower an individual's socioeconomic position, the worse their health.

What are the social determinants of health?

They are the circumstances in which people are born, grow up, live, work, and age, and the systems put in place to deal with illness. They are shaped by a wide set of forces: Economics, social policies, and politics.

The richest countries have GNI that is what percentage of the poorest countries?

122%

What are drivers of health inequalities?

- Unevenly distributed economic growth

- International flows of aid are too small

- The poorest quintile of the population have a declining share of national consumption

- Gender biases against women

- Lack of empowerment for minorities and women

What is primary healthcare (alternate definition)?

"Primary healthcare is essential healthcare based on practical, scientific, and socially acceptable methods and technology made universally accessible to communities through full participation and an affordable cost."

What are the triple billion targets?

By the year 2023:

- 1 billion more people benefitting from UHC

- 1 billion more people better protected from health emergencies

- 1 billion more people are enjoying better health and well-being.

Total of 3 billion more people affected

What is the GPW13?

General Programme of Work 13th Session

What are limitations of the Triple Billion methods?

- Broadly defined and linked to the GPW13 program

- Primarily based on SDG data

- Limited accuracy due to bad quality, differing sources, data gaps

- Indicators are often proxies, not exact measurements

- Important health indicators were not defined during the time of SDGs