final chem

BrINClHOF is only diatomic when it is by….

itself

For things to dissolve in a liquid they must be in this state

aq

What makes a strong base?

-A high pH

-Doesn’t dissolve in water well

-OH usually bonded to a metal

What makes a strong acid?

-A low pH

-Usualy H bonded to a nonmetal of ployatomic

true or false: H₂O can be both a base and acid

true

When writing net ionic equations and there is a single replacement, the element that ends up by itself will always be a ___ and have a charge of ___

solid, zero

To write a net ionic equation what do you do?

-Write a complete ionic equation

-Get rid of spectator ions (ions that are same on both sides)

NOTE: they are not the same if they have different states

For complete ionic equations, do liquids, gasses, or solids get a charge?

No

How to find out if pairs of substances will react with each other?

-Look at reactivity series

-If the element alone is above the element paired, it WILL react

For activity series, if the element alone is above the element paired, it will/will not react?

WILL react

For activity series, if the element alone is below the element paired, it will/will not react?

WILL NOT react

What are 3 ways to increase pressure of a contained gas?

-Decrease size of container

-Increase temperature of gas

-Add more particles to container

Percent composition formula

% element = mass of element/ molar mass of compound x 100

When there is a constant temperature, what gas law equation can you use?

P₁V₁=P₂V₂

(boyle’s law)

When there is constant pressure, what gas law equation do you use?

V₁ /T₁ = V₂ / T₂

_{(Charles Law)}

When there is constant volume, what equation do you use?

P₁ / T₁=P₂ / T₂

(gay-lussac’s law)

What is the combined gas law

P₁V₁ / T₁ = P₂V₂ / T₂

What is the ideal gas law

PV = nRT

What is the equation for specific heat?

q= mcΔT

What is the half-life formula to find out remaining amount of time?

Remaining = Intial (0.5)^half-lifes

What is the equation for molarity

M= n/v

M= mol/ L

What is the equation for Molality

m = Moles of solute / kg of solvent

what is the equation for pH

pH= -log[ H⁺ ]

What is the equation for pOH

pOH = 14 - pH

or

pOH= -log[OH^-]

What is the number for KW

1.0 × 10^-14

What is the equation for equilibrium constant

Keq​= [C]^c[D]^d/ [A]^a[B]^b

How do you write an equation for alpha decay

4/2 α

- subtract from the atomic number and mass to find the new alpha decay

How do you find beta decay

0/ -1 β

-add to atomic number and mass to find new beta decay

When ΔH is -, it is endo/exothermic?

exothermic

-Heat is released

When ΔH is +, it is endo/exothermic?

endothermic?

-Heat is absorbed

When it is exothermic the products have ___ energy than the reactants

less

(Heat is on products side)

When it is endothermic, the products have ___ energy than the reactants

More

(Heat is on reactantss side)

What state of matter is at leg a

Solid

What state of matter is at leg b

melting

What state of matter is at leg c

liquid

What state of matter is at leg d

boiling

What state of matter is at leg e

gas

This reaction is endo/exothermic

endothermic. Reactants>productsW

When reactants>products, the reaction is

endothermic

When reactans<products, the reaction is

exothermic

This reaction is endo/exothermic?

Exothermic

Reactants<products

What is ΔH on a energy diagram

The difference between the reactants and products

Activation energy matches the reactants/products height?

reactants

How would a catalyst affect an energy diagram?

A catalyst would decrease the activation energy, which would bring the products and the reactants closer together

When is the reaction spontaneous?

At high temperatures

When is the reaction spontaneous?

Never spontaneous

When is the reaction spontaneous

Always spontaneous

When is the reaction spontaneous

At low temperatures

What do collegiative properties depend on. what does it not?

-Depends on the amount of dissolved substance

-doesn’t depend on the identity of dissolved substance

What do collegiative properties do

-Lower vapor pressure

-Depress freezing point

-Increase osmotic pressure

-Increase boiling point

What is a solvent?

Substance doing the dissolving

What is a solute

substance gettung dissolved

How do you rank compounds based on their effect of collegiative properties?

Based on the number of particles each produces when dissolved

-Nonmetal ones are 1 particle

-Polyatomic ions count as 1 particle each

When a point is on the line on a solubility curve, is it saturated, undersaturated, or supersaturated?

Saturated

When a point is above the line on a solubility curve, is it saturated, undersaturated, or supersaturated?

supersaturated

When a point is below the line on a solubility curve, is it saturated, undersaturated, or supersaturated?

undersaturated

Acids taste…

sour

bases taste…

bitter

Acids are reactive/unreactive with metal?

reactive

Bases are reactive/unreactive with metal

unreactive

What is an acids pH level?

below 7

What is a bases pH level

above 7

What did arrhenius define acids as

They release H⁺ in water

What did Arrhenius define bases as

They release OH^- in water

What did Bronsted Lowry define acids as

Proton (H⁺) donor

What did Bronsted Lowry define bases as

Proton (H⁺) acceptor

What is the formula for acetic acid

HC₂H₃O₂

Bases turn into conjugate ___ usually

acids

Acids turn into conjugate ___ usually

bases

Usually, the thing in the products side that becomes positive is the conjugate ___

acid

To write conjugate bases, what happens to them?

-They lose an H and their charge goes down by 1

HI turns into I^-

To write conjugate acids, what happens to them?

They gain an H and their charge increases by 1

CN^- to HCN

iGNORE

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