A&P II: Exam 2 Review Packet Flashcards

Comprehensive practice flashcards covering endocrine hormones, glands, signaling mechanisms, and full immune system responses based on the exam 2 review packet.

Which hormone results in the contraction of the uterus?

Oxytocin

Which hormone causes the liver and fat cells to store blood glucose?

Insulin

Which hormone is associated with the acute stress response?

Epinephrine

Which hormone causes the brain to go into sleep mode?

Melatonin

Which hormone stimulates male sexual development and behavior?

Testosterone

Which hormone stimulates the thyroid to release thyroxine?

Thyroid stimulating hormone

Which hormone stimulates the mammary glands to produce milk?

Prolactin

Which non-steroid hormone stimulates water retention by the kidneys?

Antidiuretic hormone

Which hormone stimulates water retention and potassium excretion by the kidneys?

Aldosterone

Which steroid eventually goes to the gonads to be converted into testosterone, estrogen, or progesterone?

DHEA

Which endocrine gland monitors blood sugar homeostasis?

Pancreas

Which endocrine gland monitors if blood calcium concentration is too low?

Parathyroid gland

Which endocrine gland monitors if blood calcium concentration is too high?

Thyroid gland

Hormone release in the anterior pituitary gland is dictated by what?

Hormones from the hypothalamus

Hormone release in the posterior pituitary gland is dictated by what?

Neurons from the hypothalamus

Which gland stimulates the production of and trains T-cells of the immune system?

Thymus

Which gland's hormone release stimulates female sexual development and behavior?

Ovaries

What are the primary differences between LH and FSH?

LH stimulates ovulation and Testosterone synthesis, while FSH stimulates follicle maturation and spermatogenesis.

How do Vasopressin and Aldosterone differ in their regulation of water reabsorption?

Vasopressin is a peptide hormone that regulates blood osmolarity; Aldosterone is a steroid hormone that targets sodium and calcium pumps.

What are the different roles of Prolactin and Oxytocin regarding the mammary glands?

Prolactin is for milk production and development of the gland; Oxytocin is for milk ejection and uterine contraction.

What is the hormonal cascade for male sexual development?

$$GnRH \rightarrow LH \rightarrow Testosterone$$

What is the hormonal cascade for the calorigenic effect?

$$TRH \rightarrow TSH \rightarrow \text{Thyroid hormones}$$

What is the hormonal cascade for the chronic stress response?

$$CRH \rightarrow ACTH \rightarrow Cortisol$$

What is the hormonal cascade for growth of the body?

$$GNRH \rightarrow \text{Growth Hormone}$$

What is the hormonal cascade for egg production in the ovaries?

$$GnRH \rightarrow FSH$$

Identify the six steroid hormones listed in the review.

Aldosterone, Androgens, Cortisol, Estrogen, Testosterone, and Progesterone

In the cAMP second messenger system, what are the components labeled A through F?

A) Receptor, B) G-protein, C) Adenlylate cyclase, D) ATP, E) cAMP, F) Protein kinase

What is the purpose of the cAMP second messenger pathway?

It allows a hydrophilic hormone to influence a target cell because it cannot pass through the plasma membrane.

What are some advantages of using the endocrine system over the nervous system for cell communication?

Longer lasting effects and the ability to target multiple organs at the same time.

Why do steroid hormones differ from amino acid based hormones in their signaling pathway?

Steroid hormones are lipid soluble, allowing them to diffuse directly through the plasma membrane, whereas amino acid based hormones are water soluble and cannot cross the membrane.

What happens once a steroid hormone-receptor complex binds to a specific region of DNA?

It activates transcription.

What molecule is required to bring a steroid hormone to the cell membrane?

A carrier transport protein

What are the four stages of inflammation in sequence?

1. Inflammatory mediators cause local arterioles to vasodilate; 2. More blood enters the capillary bed causing inflammation and swelling; 3. Excess fluid in the tissue is drained by lymphatic capillaries; 4. Lymph is forced through lymph nodes in order to filter pathogens.

What type of pathogen usually infects humans by traveling in an insect 'vector'?

Protist

Which pathogen is described as simple cells with no organelles that rapidly multiply?

Bacteria

Which pathogen is considered the most dangerous because of its small size?

Virus

What is the correct order of the phagocytosis process?

1) A phagocyte identifies a 'non-self' antigen; 2) Pseudopods form around the pathogen; 3) A phagosome is formed; 4) A phagolysosome is formed; 5) Exocytosis of digested materials.

Match the descriptor: A phagocyte that resides within a tissue and devours large colonies of pathogens.

Macrophage

What are the chemical messages used by immune system cells to communicate called?

Cytokines

What are the proteins in blood plasma that adhere to foreign cells and form holes to cause lysis?

Complement proteins

What is the term for any chemical the hypothalamus senses as increased immune activity?

Pyrogen

Where might the immune system find pathogens swallowed in food for advanced warning?

Tonsils and Peyer's patches

What is the sequence of lymph flow through a lymph node?

$$\text{Afferent lymphatic vessel} \rightarrow \text{Cortex} \rightarrow \text{Medulla} \rightarrow \text{Efferent lymphatic vessel}$$

How do Natural Killer cells differ from Cytotoxic Killer T-cells?

Natural Killer cells are part of the innate immune system and seek pathogens lacking identifiable antigens; Cytotoxic Killer T-cells are specific, create immunological memory, and require permission from a Helper-T cell.

Match the receptors: Cytotoxic killer T-cell and Helper T-cell.

Cytotoxic killer T-cell: $CD-8$; Helper T-cell: $CD-4$

Match the receptors: Macrophage and Osteocyte.

Macrophage: $MHC-2$; Osteocyte: $MHC-1$

Name the two ducts where lymph is returned to the circulatory system.

Right lymphatic duct (top right half of body) and Thoracic duct (bottom half and top left).

What is the sequence of stages in humoral immunity?

1. B-cell finds antigen; 2. Antigen is presented to helper T-cell; 3. Clonal expansion of B-cell; 4. B-cells convert to plasma cells; 5. Antibodies released.

A person receiving a flu shot is an example of what type of immunity?

Artificial Active Immunity

A baby breastfeeding is an example of what type of immunity?

Natural Passive Immunity

What do Macrophages, Dendritic cells, and Neutrophils have in common?

They are phagocytes.

What do B-cells, Dendritic Cells, and Macrophages have in common?

They are Antigen presenting cells.

Which cell coordinates the actions of the immune system?

Helper T cell

What are the three antibody functions illustrated in the text?

Precipitation, Neutral nation, and Agglutination

What does the acronym MALT stand for and what structures are included?

Mucosal associated lymphatic tissue; includes Appendix, Bone marrow, Lingual tonsils, Nasopharyngeal tonsil, Palatine tonsils, Peyer's patches, Spleen, and Thymus.