HLTH 125: Chapter 4 - Skeletal System

bone

connective tissue made of a collagen matrix and minerals that harden into bone; it is either cancellous or cortical in structure

cancellous bone (spongy bone)

the light, lattice or honeycomb-like structured bone that forms the inside of most bones

cortical bone (compact bone)

the dense, protective outer layer of all bones

long bone

a bone that is longer than it is wide

articulation (joint)

joint; the site where two bones come together or articulate

cartilage

a strong, flexible connective tissue; it covers and protects the ends of bones at joints, absorbs shock in the spine, and is a structural component of the rib cage. ears, nose, etc

ligament

a strong, fibrous band of connective tissue that connects bone to bone

bone marrow

a soft, spongy tissue in the cavities of long bones that produces blood cells; with age, some marrow becomes yellow bone marrow to store fat

red bone marrow

produces blood cellsye

yellow bone marrow

primarily consists of fat cells for storing energy

medullary cavity

the canal in the center of the long bone; contains bone marrow

periosteum

a thin, tough, fibrous connective membrane that covers the outer surface of most bones

tendon

a strong, fibrous band of connective tissue that connects muscle to bone

diaphysis

the shaft of a long bone

epiphysis

the proximal and distal ends of a long bone

osteogenesis

the production/generation/formation of a new bone matrix

osteocyte

a bone cell

osteoblast

a bone-forming cell; they release a matrix that forms and heals boneso

osteoclast

a cell that breaks down bone tissue

axial skeleton

the bones forming a vertical line from the skill to the tailbone; provides support and organ protection

appendicular skeleton

the bones of the arms and legs and the pectoral and pelvic girdles- the bones that attach them to the axial skeleton; enables movement

cranium

the skull

frontal bone (1)

the bone that forms the forehead and upper aspect of the eye sockets

occipital bone (1)

the bone that forms the posterior skull

parietal bones (2)

the two bones forming the upper lateral walls and most of the top of the cranium

temporal bones (2)

the two bones that form the lower lateral walls of the skill around the ears and the lateral base of the cranium

mandible

lower jaw bonem

maxilla

upper jaw bone

malleus

the lateral bone of the 3 ossicles in the middle ear; shaped like a hammer

incus

the middle bone of the 3 ossicles in the middle ear; shaped like an anvil

stapes

the innermost or the medial bone of the 3 ossicles of the middle ear; shaped like a stirrup

spine

a column of 26 vertebrae bones that provides essential structural support for the body and protects the spinal cord

vertebra

bone(s) of the spinal column

cervical vertebrae

7 vertebrae of the neck region

thoracic vertebrae

12 vertebrae of the posterior chest/upper back

lumbar vertebrae

5 vertebrae of the lower back

sacrum

the triangular-shaped bone (5 vertebrae bones fused into 1) below the lumbar vertebrae; located in the area of the upper, central buttocks

coccyx

tailbone (3-4 vertebrae fused into 1) at the base of the vertebral column

intervertebral disc

a round, fibrocartilaginous disk/segment between each of the individual vertebrae; it acts as a shock absorber and allows for movement

vertebral canal

The hollow channel within the vertebral column that houses and protects the spinal cord

rib cage

a bony structure that encloses the chest cavity and protects vital organs within it

rib - costa

a rib bone, the long curved bone (s) of the rib cage

sternum

the breastbone

pectoral girdle

a bone structure that connects the upper limbs to the axial skeleton: consists of the clavicle and scapulae

clavicle

collarbone; either of the anterior bones of the pectoral girdle

scapula

shoulder blade; either of the large, flat triangular bone of the upper back

arms/upper appendages

the upper limbs

humerous

upper arm bone

radius

forearm (antebrachial) bone on the thumb side of the arm

ulna

forearm (antebrachial) bone on the pinky side of the arm

carpals

the bones of the wrist

metacarpals

the bones of the palm of the hand

phalanges

bones of the digits

pelvic gurdle

a basin-shaped bony structure that attaches the legs to the axial skeleton

illium

either of the two large wing-shaped bones forming the upper lateral walls of the pelvic girdle

pubis

either of the two anterior bones of the pelvic girdle

ischium

either of the two inferior bones of the pelvic girdle

legs/lower appendages

the lower limbs; provide support, stability, and locomotion

femur

the upper leg/thigh bone

patella

kneecap

tibia

the shin bone; medial bone of the lower leg

fibula

the lateral bone of the lower leg

tarsals

the bones of the ankles

metatarsals

the five bones of the arch/instep of the foot