Janeway's Immunobiology 9th Edition Chapter 1-1

Immunology

The study of the body's defense against infection.

Variolation

The inhalation or transfer into superficial skin wounds of material from smallpox pustules.

Vaccination

The inoculation of healthy individuals with weakened or attenuated strains of disease-causing agents in order to provide protection from disease.

Robert Koch

A microbiologist in the late 19th century who proved that infectious diseases are caused by specific microorganisms.

Louis Pasteur

Father of Microbiology in the 1880's who devised a vaccine against cholera in chickens and developed a rabies vaccine that proved to be a spectacular success upon its first trial in a boy bitten by a rabid dog.

Emil von Behring and Shibasaburo Kitasato

In the late 1890's, discovered that the serum of animals immune to diphtheria or tetanus contained a specific "antitoxic activity", or antibody, that could confer short-lived protection against the effects of diphtheria or tetanus toxins in humans.

Antibody

Proteins that recognize and bind to antigens.

Jules Bordet

In 1899, discovered the complement system of innate immunity.

Complement

An innate immune response of a group of around 30 different plasma proteins that acts in conjunction with antibodies or without to target foreign organisms.

Adaptive Immunity

A specific response against infection by potential pathogens. Develops during the lifetime of an individual as an adaptation to infection with that pathogen.

Innate Immunity

Nonspecific defense mechanisms that come into play immediately or within hours of an antigen's appearance in the body. These cells are always present in the body and ready to act.

Elie Metchnikoff

Discovered nonspecific, bacteria-engulfing, phagocytic cells in blood that he called "Macrophages".

Antigens

Any foreign substance recognized by the adaptive immune system. (Common proteins, glycoproteins and pathogen polysaccharides)

Paul Ehrlich

Advanced the development of an antiserum as a treatment for diphtheria and developed methods to standardize therapeutic serums.

Leukocytes

White blood cells.

Bone Marrow

A soft tissue inside the bone that produces blood cells.

Lymphatic System

A specialized system of vessels that drain extracellular fluid and immune cells from tissues and transports them as lymph that is eventually emptied back into the blood stream.

Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HTCs)

Originator cells from the bone marrow that give rise to cells of more limited development potential: immediate progenitors of red blood cells, platelets, lymphoid and myeloid lineages of white blood cells.

Microbiome

All of the microorganisms that live in a particular environment, such as a human body.

Commensal Microorganisms

A microorganism that performs important functions for the host such as aiding in cellular digestion without causing damage to the host.

Avoidance

First strategy - anatomical and behavioral modifications - the skin and mucosal surfaces which produce antimicrobial peptides.

Resistance

Second strategy - Reducing or eliminating pathogens - numerous effector mechanisms: innate immune system functions.

Tolerance

Third strategy - Responses that enhance a tissue's capacity to resist damage induced by microbes.

Immunological Tolerance

Mechanisms that prevent an immune response from being mounted against the host's own tissues.

Antimicrobial Proteins

Natural antibiotic proteins that inhibit microbial reproduction and provide short-term, nonspecific resistance to pathogenic bacteria and viruses.

Sensor Cells

Macrophages; Neutrophils; Dendritic Cells. Detect inflammatory inducers via innate recognition receptors.

Inflammatory Inducers

Chemical structures that indicate the presence of invading microbes or cellular damage, such as bacterial lipopolysaccharides, extracellular ATP, or urate crystals.

Innate Recognition Receptors

General term for a large group of proteins that recognize many different inflammatory inducers and that are encoded in the germ-line and do not need gene rearrangement in somatic cells to be expressed.

Antigen Receptors

Highly specialized proteins on lymphocytes that recognize specific antigens. They enable the adaptive immune system to respond to virtually any pathogen.

Common Myeloid Progenitor (CMP)

The precursor cell of macrophages, granulocytes, mast cells and dendritic cells.

Macrophages

A resident of all tissues. Long-lived cells that perform several functions throughout the innate immune response and subsequent adaptive immune response: Engulf and kill invading microorganisms; Dispose of pathogens or infected cells; Induce inflammation; Produce inflammatory mediators.

Granulocytes (Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes)

A group of leukocytes containing granules in their cytoplasm; neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils. Short-lived cells whose production increases during inflammation response.

Neutrophils

A phagocytic granulocyte that take up a variety of microorganisms by phagocytosis and efficiently destroy them in intracellular vesicles by using degradative enzymes and other antimicrobial substances stored in their cytoplasmic granules.

Eosinophils/Basophils

Granulocytes that are less abundant; thought to be chiefly in defense against parasites which are too large to be engulfed by macrophages/neutrophils. Contribute to allergic inflammatory reactions - DAMAGING.

Mast Cells

Mature in peripheral tissues (skin, intestines and airway mucosa) that contain inflammatory mediators such as histamines and various proteases in their granules that protect the internal surfaces from pathogens including parasitic worms.

Dendritic Cells

Phagocytic cells that take up particulate matter, undergo macropinocytosis, and can take up and degrade pathogens. Their main role is as a sensor cell that produce mediators that activate other immune cells.

Macropinocytosis

A process in which large amounts of extracellular fluid are taken up into an intracellular vesicle. This is one way in which dendritic cells can take up a wide variety of antigens from their surroundings.

Immunogenic

Capable of inducing an immune response.

Charles Janeway

The induction of strong immune responses against purified proteins required the inclusion of microbial constituents, such as killed bacteria or bacterial extracts. "The immunologist's dirty little secret".

Adjuvant

A substance that increases the immune response to antigens.

Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)

Invariant innate recognition receptors found on macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells and cells of the adaptive immune system. Recognize and bind pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). These can be transmembrane proteins like Toll-like receptors (TLRs) or cytoplasmic proteins such as NOD-like receptors (NLRs).

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

Molecules associated with groups of pathogens that are recognized by cells of the innate immune system. Such structures include mannose-rich oligosaccharides, peptidoglycan, lipopolysaccharides, and unmethylated CpG DNA.

Toll-like Receptors (TLRs)

A transmembrane protein and PRR of immune cells that recognizes pathogen PAMPs and activates an immune response directed against those pathogens.

NOD-like Receptors (NLRs)

A cytoplasmic protein and PRR that senses intracellular invasion via PAMPs.

Inflammatory Mediators

A variety of substances released by various cell types that contribute to the production of inflammation at a site of infection or trauma. Two important categories are cytokines and chemokines.

Cytokine

A term for any protein (60+) that affects the behavior of nearby cells bearing receptors. The typical cell response is an amplification of a target mechanism of the target cell.

Chemokine

A term for proteins (50+) that act as chemoattractants for cells bearing chemokine receptors, such as neutrophils and monocytes, out of the bloodstream and into the infected tissue.

Inflammation

The recruitment of immune cells from the blood to the infected tissue by the secretion of cytokines and chemokines from macrophages.

Endothelium

The specialized epithelial tissue that lines the blood and lymph vessels, body cavities, glands, and organs.

Endothelial Cells

Cells lining the blood vessels; the cells also produce cytokines. This alters the adhesive property of the cell and causes leukocytes to stick. This is what causes pain.

Inflammatory Cells

The cells that invade tissues and help mediate inflammation: macrophages and neutrophils.

Common Lymphoid Progenitor (CLP)

An immature blood cell that develops from the hematopoietic stem cell and gives rise to antigen-specific lymphocytes including B and T cells and non-antigen-specific NK cells.

Natural Killer Cells (NK Cells)

Large lymphocyte-like cells that express various families of innate receptors that respond to infections of specific viruses as well as recognizing and killing tumor cells.

Innate Lymphoid Cells (ILCs)

From the lineage of NK cells, they reside in peripheral tissues where they function as mediators of inflammatory responses.