Cell 220 Lecture 1-7

Anatomy

study of structure of the body

Physiology

study of the function of the body

Integumentary System

• encloses internal body structures

• site of many sensory receptors

Integumentary System Parts

hair, skin, nails

Skeletal System

• supports the body

• enables movement (with muscular system)

Skeletal System Parts

cartilage, bones, joints

Muscular System

• enables movement (with skeletal system)

• helps maintain body temperature

Muscular System Parts

skeletal muscles, tendons

Nervous System

• detects and processes sensory information

• activates bodily responses

Nervous System Parts

brain, spinal cord, nerves

Endocrine System

• secretes hormones

• regulates bodily processes

Endocrine System Parts

pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, testes/ovaries

Cardiovascular system

• delivers oxygen and nutrients to tissues

• equalizes temperature in the body

Cardiovascular System Parts

heart, blood vessels

Lymphatic System

• returns fluid to blood

• defends against pathogens

Lymphatic System Parts

thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, lymphatic vessels

Respiratory System

• removes carbon dioxide from the body

• delivers oxygen to blood

Respiratory System Parts

nasal sinus, trachea, lungs

Digestive System

• processes food for use by the body

• removes wastes from undigested food

Digestive System Parts

stomach, liver, gall bladder, large intestine, small intestine

Urinary System

• controls water balance in the body

• removes wastes from blood and excretes them

Urinary System Parts

kidneys, urinary bladder

Male reproductive system

• produces sex hormones and gametes

• delivers gametes to females

Male Reproductive System Parts

epididymis, testes

Female Reproductive System

• produces sex hormones and gametes

• supports embryo/fetus until birth

• produces milk for infant

Female Reproductive System Parts

mammary glands, ovaries, uterus

Dorsal body cavity

cranial cavity and vertebral cavity

Ventral body

thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

Thoracic cavity

superior mediastinum, pleural cavity, pericardial cavity within mediastinum

Abdominopelvic Left Lower Quadrant

small and large intestines

Abdominopelvic Right Lower Quadrant

appendix

Abdominopelvic Left Upper Quadrant

stomach, spleen

Abdominopelvic Right Upper Quadrant

liver, gall bladder

Mucous membranes

lines the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts

Serous membranes

lines body cavities close to the exterior of body (peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities)

Cutaneous membrane

covers the body surface (skin)

Synovial membranes

lines joint cavities and produces fluid in the joint

Pre-embryonic period

weeks 1-2

Embryonic period

weeks 3-8

Fetal period

9-38 weeks

The Blastocyst

consists of the trophoblast, inner cell mass, and blastocoel

Trophoblast

becomes cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast → burrows into uterine → forms placenta and chorion

Inner Cell Mass

becomes:

epiblast → amnion → embryo

hypoblast → yolk sac → goes away

Primary Germ Layers

endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm

Ectoderm

becomes nervous system and skin

Mesoderm

becomes muscular/skeletal systems, heart, kindeys

Endoderm

becomes respiratory system and digestive system

Neurulation

how nervous system develops through neural plate → groove → tube

Organogenesis

organ development, upper/lower limbs form

Epithelial tissue characteristics

• highly cellular, minimal ECM

• polarity

• avascular

• high regenerative capacity

Epithelial Tissue functions

cover or lining

• physical protection

• selective permeability

• secretion

Tight Junctions

binds- nothing can come between the cells

Gap junctions

forms tunnel so cells can communicate

Anchoring junctions

desmosomes, adherens, hemidesmosomes

Desmosomes

mechanical strength, fuses, made of keratin

Adherens

coordinates movements, made of actin filament

hemidesmosomes

half of desmosomes, anchor cell to basement membrane

Simple Squamous Epithelium Function

Functions:

• diffusion and filtration

Simple Squamous Epithelium Locations

Locations

• lung air sacs (respiratory system)

• lining of blood vessels (cardiovascular system)

• serous membranes

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium Function

Funcations

• absorption and secretion

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium Location

Locations

• kidney tubules (urinary system)

• glands (endocrine system)

Simple Columnar Epithelium Function

Functions

• absorption, secretion, movement (if ciliated)

Simple Columnar Epithelium Location

Locations

• Non-ciliated: lining of stomach, intestine (digestive system)

• Ciliated: lining of uterine tubes (reproductive system)

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium Functions

Funcations

• protection, movement (if ciliated)

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium Location

Locations

• lining of respiratory tract

Stratified Squamous Epithelium Function

Function

• protection

Stratified Squamous Epithelium Location

Location

• epidermis of skin (integumentary system)

• lining of oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, anus, vagina (digestive and reproductive system)

Transitional Epithelium Function

Function

• distention and relaxation of urinary structures

Transitional Epithelium Location

Location

• only in urinary system

Exocrine glands

• duct

• secrete products onto surface

• Ex: saliva, sweat, breast milk

Endocrine glands

• ductless

• secrete hormones into bloodstream

Merocrine secretion

• secretion leaves the cell with the cell still intact

• Ex: sweat

Apocrine secretion

• pinched off portion of the cell is the secretion

• mammary glands

Holocrine secretion

• entire cell dies and bursts to become the secretion

• oil glands

Connective tissue characteristics

• sparse cells in ECM

• physical protection

• support and structural framework

• transport (blood)

• immune protection

Common origin of connective tissue

mesenchyme

Connective Tissue Proper components

• reticular fibers (movement)

• elastic fibers (stretch)

• collagen fibers (structure)

• adipocytes (fat cell)

• mesenchymal (stem cell)

• fibroblast (cell produces fibers)

• macrophage (immune cell)

• ground substance

Types of Loose Connective tissue

areolar, adipose, reticular

Types of dense connective tissue

regular, irregular, elastic

Areolar Tissue Structure

Structure

• fibroblasts, collagen and elastic fibers, abundant ground substance

Areolar Tissue Function

Function

• surrounds and protects organs

Areolar Tissue Location

Location

• subcutaneous tissue, dermis of skin

Adipose Tissue Structure

Structure

• adipocytes in a loose ECM

Adipose Tissue Function

Function

• stores energy, protects, cushion, insulates

Adipose Tissue Location

Location

• surrounds organs, subcutaneous tissue

Reticular tissue Structure

Structure

• white blood cells, fibroblasts, reticular fibers, ground substance

Reticular tissue Function

Function

• provides supportive framework

Reticular tissue Location

Location

• lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow

Dense regular connective tissue Structure

Structure

• dense, parallel collagen fibers, fibroblasts, sparse ground substance

Dense regular connective tissue Function

Function

• resists stress in one direction

Dense regular connective tissue Location

Location

• tendons, ligaments

Dense irregular connective tissue structure

Structure

• collagen fibers randomly arranged, fibroblasts, spare ground substance

Dense irregular connective tissue function

Function

• resists stresses in all direction

Dense irregular connective tissue location

Location

• dermis of skin, organ capsules

Dense elastic tissue structure

Structure

• dense elastic fibers, fibroblasts

Dense elastic tissue function

Function

• allows stretching

Dense elastic tissue location

Location

• walls of large arteries and airways

The Integument

• skin, nails, hair, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands

• thickness: 1.5-4mm

• epidermis and dermis

Functions of Integument

• protection

• prevent dehydration

• sensation

• temperature regulation

• Vitamin D synthesis

Where is thick skin found?

palm of hands, sole of feet