Copy of Copy of HBS EOC Study Guide.docx

Anterior

Front part of a human body, including face and abdominal region

Posterior

Back part of a human body, including shoulder blades and heels

Superior

Higher up on the body

Inferior

Lower on the body

Medial

Closer to the midline

Lateral

Further away from the midline

Proximal

Closer to the trunk

Distal

Further away from the trunk

Superficial

Closer to the skin surface

Deep

Further within the body

Dorsal

Associated with the spinal side of the body

Ventral

Associated with the abdominal side of the body

Tissues

Cells working together

Organs

Tissues working together

Organ systems

Organs working together

Nervous Tissue

Communication, Neurons

Connective Tissue

Binding and support

Epithelial Tissue

Lining of organs

Muscular Tissue

Movement, Cardiac, Smooth, Skeletal

Long bone

Femur, Humerus

Short bone

Tarsals, Carpals

Flat bone

Scapula, Ribs

Irregular bone

Vertebrae, Mandible

Osteoblasts

Build bones

Osteoclasts

Break down bones

Fracture repair stages

Inflammation, Soft Callus Formation, Hard Callus Formation, Remodeling

Central Nervous System

Brain and spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous System

Sensory receptors, neurons

Cerebrum

Frontal, Temporal, Parietal, Occipital lobes

Cerebellum

Muscle control and balance

Brain stem

Medulla oblongata, Pons, Midbrain

Neurons

Dendrite, Cell membrane, Nucleus, Axon, Cell body, Nodes of Ranvier, Myelin sheath, Schwann cell, Axon terminal

Muscle rules

Attachments, Pulling, Flexors, Extensors, Opposing pairs, Striations

Endocrine structures

Hypothalamus, Pituitary Gland, Pineal Gland, Thyroid Gland, Thymus, Adrenal Gland, Pancreas, Ovary, Testes

Type 1 Diabetes

Insulin deficiency

Type 2 Diabetes

Insulin resistance

Estrogen

Low in males, high in females

Progesterone

High in females, low in males

Testosterone

Varies in males, low in females

Estrogen

Hormone involved in puberty, menstruation, pregnancy, menopause, sperm development, and bone health.

Progesterone

Hormone involved in menstruation, pregnancy, and testosterone production.

Valves

Prevent backflow of blood into previous chambers of the heart.

Coronary arteries

Vessels bringing oxygenated blood to the heart itself.

Pulmonary vein

Supplies blood to the left side of the heart muscle.

Superior vena cava and inferior vena cava

Supplies blood to the right ventricle and atrium.

Systolic pressure

Pressure in the arteries during heart systole, pumping blood through the body.

Diastolic pressure

Pressure in the arteries during heart diastole, allowing the heart to fill with blood.

Cardiac output

Measure of blood pumped by the heart in one minute, measured in liters.

ABI (Ankle-Brachial Index)

Calculated by dividing ankle systolic pressure by arm systolic pressure.

Peripheral Artery Disease

Condition reducing blood flow to extremities, increasing risk for critical limb ischemia.

Atherosclerosis

Common cause of peripheral artery disease, characterized by plaque buildup in blood vessels.

Filtration, reabsorption, and secretion

Processes in kidney function.

Polycystic Kidney Disease

Genetic disorder causing fluid-filled cysts in kidneys, leading to kidney failure.