NCC AHS 101 module 3

Jaundice

Jaundice is a condition in which a person's skin and the whites of the eyes are discolored yellow due to an increased level of bile pigments in the blood resulting from liver disease. Liver bile ducts are blocked.

Cyanotic

Turning blue from lack of oxygen

Coronary thrombosis

Stationary clot

Emboli

Traveling clot

Myocardial infarction (MI)

Heart attack

Endocarditis

Inflammation of the heart's inner lining

Erythrocytes

Red blood cells (RBC)

Leukocytes

White blood cells (WBC)

Platelets

Thrombocytes (brings on clotting)

Pericarditis

Inflammation of heart surface

Myocarditis

Inflammation of heart muscle

Orthopnea

Breathing is possible only when person sits or stands in erect position as in congestive heart failure

Oligopnea

Both rate and depth of breathing are reduced, as in trauma of the brain, drug poisoning, and shock

Eupnea

Normal breathing (normal respiration)

Apnea

Not breathing, cessation of respirations

Dyspnea

Difficult, painful breathing

Hemothorax

Collection of blood in the pleural cavity (and the collapse of a lung)

Pneumothorax

Collection of air or gas in the pleural cavity. (Lung collapses due to loss of negative pressure)

Atelectasis

Collapsed lung, air can't get in (opposite emphysema)

Hematemesis

Throwing up blood

Hemoptysis

Coughing up blood

Hypopnea

Breathing greatly reduced in depth

Tachypnea

Rapid breathing

COPD

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Emphysema

Over expansion of the lungs

Asthma (a COPD)

Generalized spasm of the bronchioles (spasm causes dyspnea and wheezing)

Anoxia

Lack of oxygen

Bronchoscopy

Visual exam of the tracheobronchial tree using a bronchoscope

Anaphylactic shock

Severe allergic reaction

Blood pressure factors

Age

Sex

Body build

Exercise

Pain

Emotion

Certain diseases

Drugs

Hemorrhage

Intracranial pressure

Shock

Where is B/P highest?

Arteries

What is the blood pressure gradient?

Difference in pressure in arteries, veins, capillaries

Secondary hypertension

The cause can be traced by a disease in the body

What is the average adult blood volume?

12 pints

How do we treat shock?

1. Maintain airway,

Control hemorrhage,

Immobilize fracture,

Preserve normal body heat,

Control pain,

Position properly,

Replace fluids,

Various drugs

Can you name the various types of shock and their causes?

Traumatic: severe injury or inflammation,

Psychogenic: syncope: sudden dilation of bp,

Anaphylactic: severe allergic reaction,

Metabolic: changes in body chemistry,

Hemorrhagic AKA: hypovolemic,

Neurogenic,

Cardiogenic,

Septic,

Surgical,

Respiratory,

Hypoglycemic: low blood sugar,

Electric

Epistaxis

Severe nose bleed

Syncope

Fainting

Ileoplegia

Paralysis of the ileum

Dactylogram

Fingerprint

Xanthopia

Yellow eyes

Hidradenitis

Inflammation of sweat glands

Idiopathic hypertension

Primary - High blood pressure for which no specific cause can be found. 90% of people with hypertension have this type

What is the definition of pulse?

Alternate contraction and dilation of the arteries due to the pumping of the blood to the heart

What is normal pulse?

Adult women 72-80 bpm,

adult men 62-72 bpm,

children 100-140 bpm

How long do we count?

One minute

Layers of arteries (involuntary layer aka:tunica media)

Tunica intima, tunica media, tunica adventitia

Normal values for respiratory rates

Birth 40-60 breaths per minute

Children 25 breaths per minute

Adolescent 20 breaths per minute

Adult 16-20 breaths per minute

Elderly 14-16 breaths per minute

What are the most important measures in treating shock?

Maintain airway: most important,

Control hemorrhage,

FX,

Body temp.: Do Not overheat,

Pain,

Position: shock position,

Replace fluids: volume,

Medication: b/p, vasoconstrictors

What happens if we do not treat shock?

Can result in death

Circulating blood flow of the heart

Superior / inferior vena cava,

Right atrium,

Tricuspid valve,

Right ventricle,

Pulmonary valve,

Pulmonary arteries,

Lungs,

Pulmonary veins,

Left atrium,

Mitral valve,

Left ventricle,

Aortic valve,

Aorta

Hemothorax

Blood in the pleural cavity

Spirometer

Evaluates the air capacity of the lungs

Intermittent

Occasional skipped beats

Shock

Cardiovascular system fails to provide sufficient blood circulation to every part of the body

Cardiomyopathy

Disease of the heart muscle

Coarctation of the aorta

A narrow fibrous constriction in the descending thoracic aorta. An extracardiac abnormality. (external from heart, do not need bypass surgery)

Systolic pressure

Contraction

Extracardiac abnormality

Outside of the heart

Diastolic pressure

Heart at rest

Nocturia

Excessive urination at night

Pulmonary arteries

Only arteries that carry unoxygenated blood

laparotomy

opening into the abdomen

sinoatrial node (SA node)

pacemaker of the heart

Atrioventricular node (AV mode)

picks up when SA node starts to act up

CHF

Congestive Heart Failure (edema, sob)

Thrombophlebitis

Stationary clot in the vein

Electrical conduction system of heart

SA node, AV node, bundle of his, purkinje fibers

Trachycardia

Over 100 bpm