Case 7: Joshua Song

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Last updated 3:51 AM on 5/3/26
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110 Terms

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Thigh Compartments

3 compartments

  1. Anterior: Flex thing/hip + extend leg/knee

  2. Medial: Adduct thigh/hip

  3. Posterior: Extend thigh/hip + flex leg/knee

Surrounded by:

  • Fascia lata

  • Iliotibial tract (IT band): Lateral thickening

<p>3 compartments</p><ol><li><p>Anterior: Flex thing/hip + extend leg/knee</p></li><li><p>Medial: Adduct thigh/hip</p></li><li><p>Posterior: Extend thigh/hip + flex leg/knee</p></li></ol><p>Surrounded by:</p><ul><li><p>Fascia lata</p></li><li><p>Iliotibial tract (IT band): Lateral thickening</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Leg Compartments

4 compartments

  1. Anterior

  2. Posterior: Deep

  3. Posterior: Superficial

  4. Lateral

Divided by:

  • Interosseous membrane

  • Intramuscular septa (anterior, lateral, transverse)

Surrounded by crural fascia

<p>4 compartments</p><ol><li><p>Anterior</p></li><li><p>Posterior: Deep</p></li><li><p>Posterior: Superficial</p></li><li><p>Lateral</p></li></ol><p>Divided by:</p><ul><li><p>Interosseous membrane</p></li><li><p>Intramuscular septa (anterior, lateral, transverse)</p></li></ul><p>Surrounded by crural fascia</p>
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Lower Limb Nerves: Hip

Autonomic:

  • Hypogastric plexus + nerve

  • Splanchnic nerves

Somatic: Pudendal nerve

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Lower Limb Nerves: Thigh

Lumbosacral plexus

  • Lumbar plexus

  • Sacral plexus

<p>Lumbosacral plexus</p><ul><li><p>Lumbar plexus</p></li><li><p>Sacral plexus</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Lumbosacral Plexus: Lumbar Plexus

L1-L4

Obturator Nerve: L2-L4

  • Medial compartment

Femoral Nerve: L2-L4

  • Anterior compartment

<p>L1-L4</p><p>Obturator Nerve: L2-L4</p><ul><li><p>Medial compartment</p></li></ul><p>Femoral Nerve: L2-L4</p><ul><li><p>Anterior compartment</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Lumbosacral Plexus: Sacral Plexus

L4-S3

Gluteal Nerves: Superior (L4-S1) + Inferior (L5-S2)

  • Gluteal region

Sciatic Nerve: L4-S3 (tibial + common peroneal (fibular) divisions)

  • Posterior compartment

Pudendal Nerve: S2-S4

  • Perineum + hip

<p>L4-S3</p><p>Gluteal Nerves: Superior (L4-S1) + Inferior (L5-S2)</p><ul><li><p>Gluteal region</p></li></ul><p>Sciatic Nerve: L4-S3 (tibial + common peroneal (fibular) divisions)</p><ul><li><p>Posterior compartment</p></li></ul><p>Pudendal Nerve: S2-S4</p><ul><li><p>Perineum + hip</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Lower Limb Nerves: Leg

Sciatic Nerve → Tibial + Common peroneal (fibular) divisions → Nerves

Tibial Nerve: Posterior compartment

Common Peroneal Nerve:

  • Superficial: Lateral compartment

  • Deep: Anterior compartment + foot

<p>Sciatic Nerve → Tibial + Common peroneal (fibular) divisions → Nerves</p><p>Tibial Nerve: Posterior compartment</p><p>Common Peroneal Nerve:</p><ul><li><p>Superficial: Lateral compartment</p></li><li><p>Deep: Anterior compartment + foot</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Lower Limb Nerves: Foot

Tibial Nerve → Medial + Lateral Plantar Nerves

Medial Plantar: Superficial

  • Abductor hallucis

  • Flexor digitorum brevis

  • Flexor hallucis brevis

  • First/medial lumbrical

Lateral Plantar: Deep

  • All other muscles

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Lower Limb Vasculature: Arterial

Abdominal Aorta → R + L common iliac

Thigh: Common iliac → Internal + external iliac a.

  • External iliac → Femoral a. (anterior)

    • Femoral a. → Deep femoral/profunda femoris a. (posterior)

  • Internal iliac → Gluteal a. → Obturator a. (medial)

Leg: Femoral a. → Popliteal a.

  • Popliteal a. → Anterior + posterior tibial aa. (anterior + posterior)

    • Branch from posterior tibial a. = Peroneal/fibular a. (lateral)

  • Peroneal a. → Medial + lateral plantar aa. (feet)

<p>Abdominal Aorta → R + L common iliac</p><p>Thigh: Common iliac → Internal + external iliac a.</p><ul><li><p>External iliac → Femoral a. (anterior)</p><ul><li><p>Femoral a. → Deep femoral/profunda femoris a. (posterior)</p></li></ul></li><li><p>Internal iliac → Gluteal a. → Obturator a. (medial)</p></li></ul><p>Leg: Femoral a. → Popliteal a.</p><ul><li><p>Popliteal a. → Anterior + posterior tibial aa. (anterior + posterior)</p><ul><li><p>Branch from posterior tibial a. = Peroneal/fibular a. (lateral)</p></li></ul></li><li><p>Peroneal a. → Medial + lateral plantar aa. (feet)</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Lower Limb Vasculature: Deep Venous

Paired with arteries

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Lower Limb Vasculature: Superficial Venous

Medial + anterior: Long/great saphenous vein

Lateral + posterior: Short saphenous vein

<p>Medial + anterior: Long/great saphenous vein</p><p>Lateral + posterior: Short saphenous vein</p>
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Hip: Bones

Ilium

Ischium

Pubis

Sacrum

Coccyx

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Hip Bones: Ilium

Lateral pelvic girdle + superior acetabulum

Iliac Crest: Wing/ala (superior)

Iliac Spine: Bony projections

  • Anterior superior + inferior

  • Posterior superior + inferior

Iliac Fossa: Concave surface on anterior internal portion

Great Sciatic Notch: Posterior notch

<p>Lateral pelvic girdle + superior acetabulum</p><p>Iliac Crest: Wing/ala (superior)</p><p>Iliac Spine: Bony projections</p><ul><li><p>Anterior superior + inferior</p></li><li><p>Posterior superior + inferior</p></li></ul><p>Iliac Fossa: Concave surface on anterior internal portion</p><p>Great Sciatic Notch: Posterior notch</p>
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Hip Bones: Ischium

Inferioposterior pelvic girdle + inferoposterior acetabulum

Ischial Spine: Posterior bony projection

Ischial Tuberosity: Inferioposterior rounded portion

Obturator Foramen: Large inferior oval openings

  • Posterior

Lesser Sciatic Notch: Posterior notch under greater sciatic notch

<p>Inferioposterior pelvic girdle + inferoposterior acetabulum</p><p>Ischial Spine: Posterior bony projection</p><p>Ischial Tuberosity: Inferioposterior rounded portion</p><p>Obturator Foramen: Large inferior oval openings</p><ul><li><p>Posterior</p></li></ul><p>Lesser Sciatic Notch: Posterior notch under greater sciatic notch</p>
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Hip Bones: Pubis

Anteromedial pelvic girdle + anterior acetabulum

Pubic Symphysis: Fibrocartilaginous joint between left + right pubic bones

Obturator Foramen: Anterior aspect

<p>Anteromedial pelvic girdle + anterior acetabulum</p><p>Pubic Symphysis: Fibrocartilaginous joint between left + right pubic bones</p><p>Obturator Foramen: Anterior aspect</p>
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Hip Bones: Sacrum

5 fused vertebrae

<p>5 fused vertebrae</p>
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Hip Bones: Coccyx

3-5 fused vertebrae

<p>3-5 fused vertebrae</p>
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Hip: Articulating Joint Bones

Acetabulum: Rounded indent on lateral pelvis

Femur: Head

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Hip Joint

Ball + socket joint

Acetabular Labrum: Cartilage covering acetabulum

Joint Capsule: Fibrous tissue around joint

  • Contain lunate surface = Articulate

  • Zona Orbicularis: Thickened joint capsule around femur head

    • Stability

<p>Ball + socket joint</p><p>Acetabular Labrum: Cartilage covering acetabulum</p><p>Joint Capsule: Fibrous tissue around joint</p><ul><li><p>Contain lunate surface = Articulate</p></li><li><p>Zona Orbicularis: Thickened joint capsule around femur head</p><ul><li><p>Stability</p></li></ul></li></ul><p></p>
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Hip Joint: Ligaments

Capsular: Stabilize joint

  • Iliofemoral: Anterior

    • Maintain posture

  • Ischiofemoral: Posterior

    • Limit medial rotation

  • Pubofemoral: Inferior

    • Limit abduction

Transverse Acetabular: Lower acetabulum

Round Ligament of Femur Head: Connect acetabular fossa + femur head

<p>Capsular: Stabilize joint</p><ul><li><p>Iliofemoral: Anterior </p><ul><li><p>Maintain posture</p></li></ul></li><li><p>Ischiofemoral: Posterior </p><ul><li><p>Limit medial rotation</p></li></ul></li><li><p>Pubofemoral: Inferior</p><ul><li><p>Limit abduction</p></li></ul></li></ul><p>Transverse Acetabular: Lower acetabulum</p><p>Round Ligament of Femur Head: Connect acetabular fossa + femur head</p>
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Hip: Muscle Groups

Superficial gluteals

Deep gluteals

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Hip Muscle: Superficial Gluteals

Gluteus maximus

Gluteus medius

Gluteus minimus

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Hip Superficial Gluteals: Gluteus Maximus

Innervation: Inferior gluteal n.

Action: Thigh extension + lateral rotation

<p>Innervation: Inferior gluteal n.</p><p>Action: Thigh extension + lateral rotation</p>
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Hip Superficial Gluteals: Gluteus Medius

Innervation: Superior gluteal n.

Action: Thigh abduction + medial rotation

<p>Innervation: Superior gluteal n.</p><p>Action: Thigh abduction + medial rotation</p>
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Hip Superficial Gluteals: Gluteus Minimus

Innervation: Superior gluteal n.

Action: Thigh abduction + medial rotation

<p>Innervation: Superior gluteal n.</p><p>Action: Thigh abduction + medial rotation</p>
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Hip Muscles: Deep Gluteals

Piriformis

Obturator internus

Superior gemellus

Inferior gemellus

Quadratus femoris

<p>Piriformis</p><p>Obturator internus</p><p>Superior gemellus</p><p>Inferior gemellus</p><p>Quadratus femoris</p>
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Hip Deep Gluteals: Piriformis

Innervation: S1-S2

Action: Thigh lateral rotation

<p>Innervation: S1-S2</p><p>Action: Thigh lateral rotation</p>
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Hip Deep Gluteals: Obturator Internus

Innervation: L5-S2

Action: Thigh lateral rotation

<p>Innervation: L5-S2</p><p>Action: Thigh lateral rotation</p>
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Hip Deep Gluteals: Superior Gemellus

Innervation: L5-S2

Action: Thigh lateral rotation

<p>Innervation: L5-S2</p><p>Action: Thigh lateral rotation</p>
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Hip Deep Gluteals: Inferior Gemellus

Innervation: L4-S1

Action: Thigh lateral rotation

<p>Innervation: L4-S1</p><p>Action: Thigh lateral rotation</p>
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Hip Deep Gluteals: Quadratus Femoris

Innervation: L4-S1

Action: Thigh lateral rotation

<p>Innervation: L4-S1</p><p>Action: Thigh lateral rotation</p>
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Thigh: Bone

Femur

Proximal:

  • Head: Articulate with acetabulum (hip joint)

  • Neck: Connect head + shaft

  • Trochanter: Between neck + shaft

    • Lesser (medial) + greater (lateral)

Distal: Epicondyles

  • Medial + lateral

<p>Femur</p><p>Proximal:</p><ul><li><p>Head: Articulate with acetabulum (hip joint)</p></li><li><p>Neck: Connect head + shaft</p></li><li><p>Trochanter: Between neck + shaft</p><ul><li><p>Lesser (medial) + greater (lateral)</p></li></ul></li></ul><p>Distal: Epicondyles</p><ul><li><p>Medial + lateral</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Thigh Muscles: Anterior

Posterior abdominal wall muscles

Sartorius

Quadriceps femoris

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Thigh Anterior Muscles: Posterior Abdominal Wall Muscles

Iliacus

Psoas Major

Psoas Minor

<p>Iliacus</p><p>Psoas Major</p><p>Psoas Minor</p>
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Thigh: Iliacus Muscle

Innervation: Femoral n.

Action:

  • Thigh flexion

  • Knee extension

<p>Innervation: Femoral n.</p><p>Action:</p><ul><li><p>Thigh flexion</p></li><li><p>Knee extension</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Thigh: Psoas Major Muscle

Innervation: Ventral rami (L1-3)

Action:

  • Thigh flexion

  • Knee extension

<p>Innervation: Ventral rami (L1-3)</p><p>Action:</p><ul><li><p>Thigh flexion</p></li><li><p>Knee extension</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Thigh: Psoas Minor Muscle

Innervation: L1

Action: Trunk flexion

<p>Innervation: L1 </p><p>Action: Trunk flexion</p>
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Thigh Anterior Muscle: Sartorius

Innervation: Femoral n.

Action:

  • Thigh flexion, abduction, lateral rotation

  • Leg flexion

<p>Innervation: Femoral n.</p><p>Action: </p><ul><li><p>Thigh flexion, abduction, lateral rotation</p></li><li><p>Leg flexion</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Thigh Anterior Muscle: Quadriceps Femoris

4 heads

  • Rectus femoris

  • Vastus lateralis

  • Vastus medialis

  • Vastus intermedias

Innervation: Femoral n.

Action:

  • Knee extension

  • Thigh flexion

<p>4 heads</p><ul><li><p>Rectus femoris</p></li><li><p>Vastus lateralis</p></li><li><p>Vastus medialis</p></li><li><p>Vastus intermedias</p></li></ul><p>Innervation: Femoral n.</p><p>Action:</p><ul><li><p>Knee extension</p></li><li><p>Thigh flexion</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Thigh Muscles: Posterior

Semimembranosus

Semitendinosus

Biceps femoris

<p>Semimembranosus</p><p>Semitendinosus</p><p>Biceps femoris</p>
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Thigh Posterior Muscle: Semimembranous

Innervation: Sciatic n. → Tibial div.

Action:

  • Hip extension

  • Knee flexion + medial rotation

<p>Innervation: Sciatic n. → Tibial div.</p><p>Action:</p><ul><li><p>Hip extension</p></li><li><p>Knee flexion + medial rotation</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Thigh Posterior Muscle: Semitendinosus

Innervation: Sciatic n. → Tibial div.

Action:

  • Hip extension

  • Knee flexion + medial rotation

<p>Innervation: Sciatic n. → Tibial div.</p><p>Action:</p><ul><li><p>Hip extension</p></li><li><p>Knee flexion + medial rotation</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Thigh Posterior Muscle: Biceps Femoris

Short + long head

Innervation:

  • Sciatic n. → Tibial div.

  • Short Head: Peroneal div.

Action:

  • Hip extension

  • Knee flexion + rotation

<p>Short + long head</p><p>Innervation:</p><ul><li><p>Sciatic n. → Tibial div.</p></li><li><p>Short Head: Peroneal div.</p></li></ul><p>Action:</p><ul><li><p>Hip extension</p></li><li><p>Knee flexion + rotation</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Thigh Muscles: Medial

Obturator externus

Gracilis

Pectineus

Adductor magnus

Adductor minimus

Adductor longus

Adductor brevis

<p>Obturator externus</p><p>Gracilis</p><p>Pectineus</p><p>Adductor magnus</p><p>Adductor minimus</p><p>Adductor longus</p><p>Adductor brevis</p>
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Thigh Medial Muscle: Obturator Externus

Innervation: Obturator n.

Action:

  • Hip adduction

  • Thigh lateral rotation

<p>Innervation: Obturator n.</p><p>Action: </p><ul><li><p>Hip adduction</p></li><li><p>Thigh lateral rotation</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Thigh Medial Muscle: Gracilis

Innervation: Obturator n.

Action:

  • Hip adduction

  • Leg flexion + medial rotation

<p>Innervation: Obturator n.</p><p>Action:</p><ul><li><p>Hip adduction</p></li><li><p>Leg flexion + medial rotation</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Thigh Medial Muscle: Pectineus

Innervation:

  • Obturator n.

  • Femoral n.

Action: Hip adduction

<p>Innervation:</p><ul><li><p>Obturator n.</p></li><li><p>Femoral n.</p></li></ul><p>Action: Hip adduction</p>
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Thigh Medial Muscle: Adductor Magnus

Innervation:

  • Obturator n.

  • Sciatic n. → Tibial div.

Action:

  • Hip adduction

  • Thigh extension

<p>Innervation:</p><ul><li><p>Obturator n.</p></li><li><p>Sciatic n. → Tibial div.</p></li></ul><p>Action:</p><ul><li><p>Hip adduction</p></li><li><p>Thigh extension</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Thigh Medial Muscle: Adductor Minimus

Innervation: Obturator n.

Action:

  • Hip adduction

<p>Innervation: Obturator n.</p><p>Action:</p><ul><li><p>Hip adduction</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Thigh Medial Muscle: Adductor Longus

Innervation: Obturator n.

Action: Hip adduction

<p>Innervation: Obturator n.</p><p>Action: Hip adduction</p>
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Thigh Medial Muscle: Adductor Brevis

Innervation: Obturator n.

Action: Hip adduction

<p>Innervation: Obturator n.</p><p>Action: Hip adduction</p>
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Leg: Bones

Tibia

Fibula

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Leg Bone: Tibia

Medial

Weight-bearing

Proximal:

  • Condyles: bony projections

    • Articulate with femoral condyles (knee joint)

    • Articulate with fibula (proximal tibiofibular joint)

  • Tuberosity: Condyles merge → Anterior triangular region

    • Patellar tendon attachment

Distal:

  • Medial Malleolus: Bony projection

  • Articulate with fibula (distal tibiofibular joint)

  • Articulate with talus tarsal bone (talocrural/ankle joint)

<p>Medial</p><p>Weight-bearing</p><p>Proximal:</p><ul><li><p>Condyles: bony projections</p><ul><li><p>Articulate with femoral condyles (knee joint)</p></li><li><p>Articulate with fibula (proximal tibiofibular joint)</p></li></ul></li><li><p>Tuberosity: Condyles merge → Anterior triangular region</p><ul><li><p>Patellar tendon attachment</p></li></ul></li></ul><p>Distal:</p><ul><li><p>Medial Malleolus: Bony projection</p></li><li><p>Articulate with fibula (distal tibiofibular joint)</p></li><li><p>Articulate with talus tarsal bone (talocrural/ankle joint)</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Leg Bone: Fibula

Lateral

Non-weight bearing

Proximal:

  • Head: Pointed end

    • Articulate with tibia (proximal tibiofibular joint)

  • Neck: Constriction between head + shaft

Distal:

  • Lateral Malleolus: Bony projection

  • Articulate with talus tarsal bone (ankle joint)

<p>Lateral</p><p>Non-weight bearing</p><p>Proximal:</p><ul><li><p>Head: Pointed end</p><ul><li><p>Articulate with tibia (proximal tibiofibular joint)</p></li></ul></li><li><p>Neck: Constriction between head + shaft</p></li></ul><p>Distal:</p><ul><li><p>Lateral Malleolus: Bony projection</p></li><li><p>Articulate with talus tarsal bone (ankle joint)</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Leg: Interosseous Membrane

Fibrous connective tissue between fibula + tibia

Stabilize tibiofibular joints

<p>Fibrous connective tissue between fibula + tibia</p><p>Stabilize tibiofibular joints</p>
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Leg Muscles: Anterior

Tibialis anterior

Extensor digitorum longus

Extensor hallucis longus

Peroneus/fibularis tertius

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Leg Anterior Muscle: Tibialis Anterior

Innervation: Deep peroneal n.

Action:

  • Ankle dorsiflexion

  • Foot inversion

<p>Innervation: Deep peroneal n.</p><p>Action:</p><ul><li><p>Ankle dorsiflexion</p></li><li><p>Foot inversion</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Leg Anterior Muscle: Extensor Digitorum Longus

Innervation: Deep peroneal n.

Action:

  • Ankle dorsiflexion

  • 2nd-5th toe extension

<p>Innervation: Deep peroneal n.</p><p>Action:</p><ul><li><p>Ankle dorsiflexion</p></li><li><p>2nd-5th toe extension</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Leg Anterior Muscle: Extensor Hallucis Longus

Innervation: Deep peroneal n.

Action:

  • Ankle dorsiflexion

  • 1st toe extension

<p>Innervation: Deep peroneal n.</p><p>Action:</p><ul><li><p>Ankle dorsiflexion</p></li><li><p>1st toe extension</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Leg Anterior Muscle: Peroneus/Fibularis Tertius

Innervation: Deep peroneal n.

Action:

  • Ankle dorsiflexion

  • Foot eversion

<p>Innervation: Deep peroneal n.</p><p>Action:</p><ul><li><p>Ankle dorsiflexion</p></li><li><p>Foot eversion</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Leg Muscles: Lateral

Peroneus/Fibularis longus

Peroneus/Fibularis brevis

<p>Peroneus/Fibularis longus</p><p>Peroneus/Fibularis brevis</p>
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Leg Lateral Muscle: Peroneus/Fibularis Longus

Innervation: Superficial peroneal n.

Action:

  • Ankle plantarflexion

  • Foot eversion

<p>Innervation: Superficial peroneal n.</p><p>Action:</p><ul><li><p>Ankle plantarflexion</p></li><li><p>Foot eversion</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Leg Lateral Muscle: Peroneus/Fibularis Brevis

Innervation: Superficial peroneul n.

Action:

  • Ankle plantarflexion

  • Foot eversion

<p>Innervation: Superficial peroneul n.</p><p>Action:</p><ul><li><p>Ankle plantarflexion</p></li><li><p>Foot eversion</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Leg Muscles: Posterior

Superficial

  • Triceps surae

    • Gastrocnemius

    • Soleus

  • Plantaris

Deep

  • Tibialis posterior

  • Flexor digitorum longus

  • Flexor hallucis longus

  • Popliteus

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Leg Posterior Superficial Muscle: Triceps Surae

Tendons fuse = Tendo calcaneus (Achilles tendon)

Gastrocnemius

  • Lateral + medial head

  • Action:

    • Ankle plantarflexion

    • Knee flexion

Soleus

  • Action: Ankle plantarflexion

Innervation: Tibial n.

<p>Tendons fuse = Tendo calcaneus (Achilles tendon)</p><p>Gastrocnemius</p><ul><li><p>Lateral + medial head</p></li><li><p>Action:</p><ul><li><p>Ankle plantarflexion</p></li><li><p>Knee flexion</p></li></ul></li></ul><p>Soleus</p><ul><li><p>Action: Ankle plantarflexion</p></li></ul><p>Innervation: Tibial n.</p>
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Leg Posterior Superficial Muscle: Plantaris

Innervation: Tibial n.

Action: Ankle plantarflexion

<p>Innervation: Tibial n.</p><p>Action: Ankle plantarflexion</p>
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Leg Posterior Deep Muscle: Tibialis Posterior

Innervation: Tibial n.

Action: Foot inversion

<p>Innervation: Tibial n.</p><p>Action: Foot inversion</p>
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Leg Posterior Deep Muscle: Flexor Digitorum Longus

Innervation: Tibial n.

Action: 2nd-4th toes flexion

<p>Innervation: Tibial n.</p><p>Action: 2nd-4th toes flexion</p>
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Leg Posterior Deep Muscle: Flexor Hallucis Longus

Innervation: Tibial n.

Action: 1st toe flexion

<p>Innervation: Tibial n.</p><p>Action: 1st toe flexion</p>
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Leg Posterior Deep Muscle: Popliteus

Innervation: Tibial n.

Action: Tibia internal rotation on femur (unlock knee)

<p>Innervation: Tibial n.</p><p>Action: Tibia internal rotation on femur (unlock knee)</p>
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Ankle

Talocrural joint

  • Synovial hinge joint

Movements:

  • Plantarflexion

  • Dorsiflexion

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Ankle: Bones

7 tarsal bones

  1. Talus

  2. Calcenus

  3. Navicular

  4. Cuneiforms

  5. Cuboid

<p>7 tarsal bones</p><ol><li><p>Talus</p></li><li><p>Calcenus</p></li><li><p>Navicular</p></li><li><p>Cuneiforms</p></li><li><p>Cuboid</p></li></ol><p></p>
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Ankle Bone: Talus

Most superior

Articulate with calcaneus (subtalar joint)

Articulate with navicular (talonavicular joint)

<p>Most superior</p><p>Articulate with calcaneus (subtalar joint)</p><p>Articulate with navicular (talonavicular joint)</p>
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Ankle Bone: Calcenus

Under talus

Articulate with cuboid (calcaneocuboid joint)

<p>Under talus</p><p>Articulate with cuboid (calcaneocuboid joint)</p>
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Ankle Bone: Navicular

Medial

<p>Medial</p>
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Ankle Bone: Cuneiform

3 bones (medial, intermediate, lateral)

<p>3 bones (medial, intermediate, lateral)</p>
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Ankle Bone: Cuboid

Most lateral

<p>Most lateral</p>
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Ankle: Ligaments

Collateral ligaments

  • Medial/deltoid

  • Lateral

<p>Collateral ligaments</p><ul><li><p>Medial/deltoid</p></li><li><p>Lateral</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Ankle Ligaments: Medial/Deltoid

Medial malleolus → Medial tarsal bones (talus, calcenus, navicular)

4 ligaments

  • Anterior tibiotalar

  • Tibiocalcaneal

  • Posterior tibiotalar

  • Tibionavicular

Prevent excess ankle eversion

<p>Medial malleolus → Medial tarsal bones (talus, calcenus, navicular)</p><p>4 ligaments</p><ul><li><p>Anterior tibiotalar</p></li><li><p>Tibiocalcaneal</p></li><li><p>Posterior tibiotalar</p></li><li><p>Tibionavicular</p></li></ul><p>Prevent excess ankle eversion</p>
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Ankle Ligaments: Lateral

Lateral malleolus → Talus + calcaneus

3 ligaments

  • Anterior talofibular

  • Posterior talofibular

  • Calcaneofibular

Prevent excess ankle eversion

<p>Lateral malleolus → Talus + calcaneus</p><p>3 ligaments</p><ul><li><p>Anterior talofibular</p></li><li><p>Posterior talofibular</p></li><li><p>Calcaneofibular</p></li></ul><p>Prevent excess ankle eversion</p>
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Foot: Bones

Metatarsal

Phalanges

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Foot Bones: Metatarsal

5 long bones

Base: Articulates with tarsal bones (tarsometatarsal joints)

Head: Articulates with proximal phalanges (metatarsophalangeal joints)

<p>5 long bones</p><p>Base: Articulates with tarsal bones (tarsometatarsal joints)</p><p>Head: Articulates with proximal phalanges (metatarsophalangeal joints)</p>
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Foot Bones: Phalanges

Long bones

Toe: 3 phalanges

  • Proximal, middle, distal

Hallux (Big Toe): 2 phalanges

  • Proximal + distal

<p>Long bones</p><p>Toe: 3 phalanges</p><ul><li><p>Proximal, middle, distal</p></li></ul><p>Hallux (Big Toe): 2 phalanges</p><ul><li><p>Proximal + distal</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Foot: Toe Joints

Metatarsophalangeal (MTP) Joints: Between metatarsals and phalanges

Interphalangeal (IP) Joints:

  • 4 Toes: PIP and DIP

  • Hallux: PIP

<p>Metatarsophalangeal (MTP) Joints: Between metatarsals and phalanges</p><p>Interphalangeal (IP) Joints:</p><ul><li><p>4 Toes: PIP and DIP</p></li><li><p>Hallux: PIP</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Foot: Ligaments

Retinaculum

Tarsal tunnel

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Foot Ligaments: Retinaculum

Anterior/extensor

  • Superior

  • Inferior

Medial/flexor

Lateral

  • Superior peroneal

  • Inferior peroneal

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Foot Retinaculum: Anterior/Extensor

Superior: Transverse band over anterior tibia → Anterior fibula

Inferior: Transverse Y-shaped band over medial malleolus + Plantar aponeurosis + Calcaneus

<p>Superior: Transverse band over anterior tibia → Anterior fibula</p><p>Inferior: Transverse Y-shaped band over medial malleolus + Plantar aponeurosis + Calcaneus</p>
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Foot Retinaculum: Medial/Flexor

Oblique band from medial malleolus → Medial calcaneus

<p>Oblique band from medial malleolus → Medial calcaneus</p>
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Foot Retinaculum: Lateral

Superior Peroneal: From lateral malleolus → Lateral calcaneus

Inferior Peroneal: Lateral continuation of inferior extensor retinaculum

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Foot Ligaments: Tarsal Tunnel

Osteofibrous channel

Deep Border: Medial malleolus, talus, calcaneus

Superficial Border: Flexor retinaculum

Passage for:

  • Tibial nerve

  • Posterior tibial artery + vein

  • Tendons of flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus, posterior tibialis

<p>Osteofibrous channel</p><p>Deep Border: Medial malleolus, talus, calcaneus</p><p>Superficial Border: Flexor retinaculum</p><p>Passage for:</p><ul><li><p>Tibial nerve</p></li><li><p>Posterior tibial artery + vein</p></li><li><p>Tendons of flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus, posterior tibialis</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Foot: Plantar Aponeurosis

Thickened fascia on plantar surface

Maintain arch

Protect foot sole

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Foot: Arches

Absorb shock + distribute weight

Longitudinal: 2

  • Medial + lateral

Transverse: 1

<p>Absorb shock + distribute weight</p><p>Longitudinal: 2</p><ul><li><p>Medial + lateral</p></li></ul><p>Transverse: 1</p>
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Foot Dorsum: Muscles

Extensor digitorum brevis

Extensor hallucis brevis

<p>Extensor digitorum brevis</p><p>Extensor hallucis brevis</p>
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Foot Dorsum Muscle: Extensor Digitorum Brevis

Innervation: Deep fibular n.

Action: 2nd-5th toes MTP + IP extension

<p>Innervation: Deep fibular n.</p><p>Action: 2nd-5th toes MTP + IP extension</p>
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Foot Dorsum Muscle: Extensor Hallucis Brevis

Innervation: Deep fibular n.

Action: Hallux MTP + IP extension

<p>Innervation: Deep fibular n.</p><p>Action: Hallux MTP + IP extension</p>
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Foot Plantar: Muscles

4 layers

<p>4 layers</p>
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Foot Plantar Muscles: Layer 1 (Superficial)

Abductor hallucis

Flexor digitorum brevis

Abductor digiti minimi

<p>Abductor hallucis</p><p>Flexor digitorum brevis</p><p>Abductor digiti minimi</p>
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Foot Muscles Layer 1: Abductor Hallucis

Innervation: Medial plantar n.

Action: Hallux abduction

<p>Innervation: Medial plantar n.</p><p>Action: Hallux abduction</p>
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Foot Muscles Layer 1: Flexor Digitorum Brevis

Innervation: Medial plantar n.

Action: 2nd-5th toe PIP flexion

<p>Innervation: Medial plantar n.</p><p>Action: 2nd-5th toe PIP flexion</p>
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Foot Muscles Layer 1: Abductor Digiti Minimi

Innervation: Lateral plantar n.

Action: 5th toe abduction

<p>Innervation: Lateral plantar n.</p><p>Action: 5th toe abduction</p>