Pharmacology - General Principles

Pharmacology is defined as?

The study of substances
that interact with living systems through chemical processes,
especially binding to regulatory molecules
and activating/inhibiting normal body processes

Term that refers to the actions of the body on the drug, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.

Pharmacokinetics

Term that refers to the actions of the drug on the body including receptor interactions, dose-response phenomena, and mechanisms of therapeutic and toxic action.

Pharmacodynamics

Term for the study of drugs used for the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of disease.

Medical Pharmacology

Term for the branch of pharmacology that deals with the study of the undesirable effects of the chemicals from individual cells to humans to complex ecosystems.

Toxicology

Any substance that brings about a change in biologic function through its chemical actions.

Drugs

Term for the science that deals with the preparation, dispensing, and proper utilization of drugs.

Pharmacy

Term for deliberate, aiding applications of these substances.

Therapeutics

This drug name is for the exact chemical makeup of the drug and atomic placement/molecular structure.

Chemical

This drug name is given to a drug before it becomes official; may be used in all countries, by all manufacturers.

Generic

This drug name is listed in The United State Pharmacopeia-National Formulary.

Official

This drug name is registered by the manufacturer and is followed by the trademark symbol; only usable by the manufacturer, and has the first letter capitalized.

Trade/Brand

This drug category is the largest, also known as legend drugs, and are drugs which the government has designated to be potentially harmful unless their use is overseen by a licensed healthcare provider.

Prescription

This drug category is designated by the FDA to be safe, also known as over-the-counter drugs.

Nonprescription

This drug source includes magnesium sulfate.

Minerals

This drug source includes digitalis, morphine, and codeine.

Plant products

This drug source includes thyroid extracts, heparin, and insulin.

Animals

This drug source includes penicillin.

Microorganisms

This drug source includes corticosteroids, sulfonamides, and aspirin.

Synthetic

This drug source includes vaccines for viral hepatitis and rabies, and hormones like human insulin and human growth hormone.

Genetic Engineering Products

In drug nature, a drug molecule interacts with _______________ in the biologic system to bring about a change in the biologic function.

a specific molecule

In drug nature, in order to interact chemically with its receptor, a drug molecule must have?

• Specific size

• Electrical charge

• Shape & atomic composition

In drug nature, a useful drug must have _________________ to be transported from its administration site to action site.

necessary properties

A ______________ should be inactivated/excreted from the body at a reasonable rate.

practical drug

Drugs that are solid at room temp are?

Aspirin, atropine

Drugs that are liquid are?

Nicotine, ethanol

Drugs that are gaseous are?

Nitrous oxide

Most drugs have a molecular weight of?

100-1000

A lithium ion has an MW of?

7

Altephase has an MW of?

59,050

The lower limit of the drug MW range is likely set by?

Requirements for action specificity

The upper limit of the drug MW range is likely set by?

Requirement for drug movement within the body

This drug-receptor bond is very strong; in many cases irreversible under biologic conditions.

Covalent

This drug-receptor bond is common, mildly weak, an example which would be between cation and anion, and van der Waals forces.

Electrostatic

This drug-receptor is quite weak, but important in the interactions of highly lipid-soluble drugs with the lipids of cell membranes and in the interaction of drugs with the internal walls of receptor “pockets”.

Hydrophobic

Drugs that bind via weak bonds are generally ____ selective than drugs that bind with strong bonds.

more

This term refers to the chirality effect, which is so widespread in biology that
more than half of all effective drugs are chiral molecules.

Stereoisomerism

One of these enantiomers will be far more potent in many cases than its mirror image enantiomer.

(S)(+) enantiomer of methacholine is over 250x more potent than the (R)(-) enantiomer.