Lecture: Chapter 26: Phylogeny and Life

What is phylogeny?

The evolutionary history of a species or group of related species

What is the discipline of systematics?

It classifies organisms and determines evolutionary relationships

What kind of data do systematist use to infer relationships?

Fossil, molecular, and genetic

What is taxonomy?

It is ordered division and naming of an organism

What is taxonomy?

The ordered division and naming of organisms

The scientist _______ _______, came up with how to name organisms. The two part scientific name consists of a _____ and a ______

Carolus Linneaus, genus, species

Whatis the proper way to write an organisms scientific name when abbreviating?

The first letter is capital and the second name is italicized

What is specific epitet?

The genus and the species name of an organism

Read

Linnaeus introduced a system of grouping species in increasing broad characteristics

The taxonimic groups are:

Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species. (They usually increases in specificity from broad to narrow)

what is a taxon?

One of the levels of classification in the taxonomic group e.g. domain, kingdom, phylum

Fill in the blank

Systematists use phylogenetic ____ to depict evolutionary relationships

Trees

True or false

A phylogenetic tree represents a hypothesis about an evolutionary relationship

True

In a phylogenetic tree each branch point represents what?

Divergence of 2 species

Define sister taxa

Groups that share an immediate common ancestor

In the diagram which organisms. Are sister taxa?

The canos latrans and the canis lupus

Define the term rooted tree

A brach in the phylogenetic tree that represents the last common ancestor of all the taxa in the tree

Do phylogenetic tree show pattern of descent?

Yes

Can phylogenetic trees show when evolutionary occurred (timing) or how much genetic change occured?

No

Read

Phylogeny can be determined with Morphology, genes, and biochemistry

Read

morphology has 2 subcategories: homology and analogy

Define the term homology

Phenotypic and genotypic similarities due to a common ancestor

What is analogy?

Convergent evolutionary producing similar adaptations because the organism are in similar environments. They are not necessarily closely related

What is pleisomorphy?

Ancestral homologous traits shared between taxa. Note how this occurred in an ancestor

What is apomorphy?

Derived homologous trait derived to a later taxon. Note howt his occurred later in the taxon

What is homoplasy?

Analogous trait that evolved seperately

Read

Organisms w/ similar morphological or DNA are more likely to be closely related

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When Constructing a phylogenetic tree systemetist must distinguish whether a similarity is the result of homology or analogy

what is holology?

The similarity in traits among species due to shared ancestry rather than independent evolution. It reflects common evolutionary origins.

what is analogy?

The similarity in traits among species that arises from convergent evolution, rather than shared ancestry. It indicates traits evolved independently in different lineages.

Read

Convergent evolution occur when similar environmental pressures and natural selection produces similar analogous adaptation in organisms from different evolutionary lineage the similar trait doesn’t necessarily mean that they are related

How can homologous and analogy be distinguished from one another?

Comparing fossils

What is a clade?

A group of species that include a single ancestor and all its descendents

true or false

clads can be nested

True. Clades can be nested within one another, representing hierarchical relationships among species.

What is a monophyletic clad?

a group of organisms consisting of a single common ancestor and all of its descendants.

What is paraphyletic clad?

Grouping consisting of an ancestral species and some of the descendants

What is polyphyletic?

A group that consists of various species that lack a common ancestor

What is the difference between sister taxa and a clad?

Fill in the blank

A shared _____ character is a character that originated in an ancestor of the taxon

ancestral

Fill in the blank

A shared _____ character is an evolutionary novelty unique to the clad

derived

true or false

a trait can be both ancestral and derived depending on the context

true

What is maximum parsimony?

simplest explanation that is consistent w/ facts. choose the model w/ the fewest evolutionary changes.

What is maxiumum likelihood?

states that given certain rules about how DNA changes over time, a tree can be found a tree can be found that reflects the most likely sequence of evolutionary events

what is phylogenetic bracketing?

A method to infer characteristics of ancestors based on the traits of their descendants and closely related groups.

Fill in the blank

The chart represents % of ______ in traits.

difference.To get the similarity just subtract it from 100%

How many domains are there? what are they?

3; Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

How many Kingdoms are there? What are they?

Traditionally, there are five kingdoms: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.

What is the kingdom of bacteria and archea called?

Monera, which includes prokaryotic microorganisms.

Which eon did the The History of Earth begin with?

Hadean Eon. The formation of the Earth and the moon took place

What occurred in during the Archean Eon?

The first simple life forms, primarily prokaryotes, appeared, including cyanobacteria that contributed to oxygen production. Bacteria , Archea, and cyanobacteria that produced O2

What occurred during the Proterozoic eon?

The first eukaryotes came about. They were protist. There was diversification of algae and soft bodied invertebrate

What occurred in the Phanerozoic Eon, Paleozoic Era?

The Cambrian explosion there were many flatworms and mollusks and jawless fish

What events took places during the Ordovician period?

Marine life diversified, including the appearance of fish and the first land plants. (first fungi and plants)

what events occurred during the Silurian Period?

fish develop jaws, first vascular plants appeared, first arthropods are seen on land

what occurred in the Devonian period ?

The Age of Fishes, with significant diversification of fish species, the first amphibians emerged, and forests of large plants thrived. (ferns)

What occurred in the Carboniferous Period?

Major coal deposits formed, extensive forests of ferns, and the first reptiles appeared.

What happened in the Permian period?

The continent was one super continent called Pangea. there were land plants and diversification of reptiles occurred

What events took place in the Mesozoic Era, Triassic Period?

The age of reptiles began, dinosaurs first appeared, and the first mammals emerged.

What events took place in the Jurassic Period?

Dinosaurs became the dominant land animals, and birds evolved from theropod dinosaurs.

What happened during the Cretaceous period?

Flowering plants diversified, dinosaurs thrived, and the first mammals and birds appeared. There was also a mass extinction that wiped out 50-90% of the population of species, including most dinosaurs.

What happened during the Cenozoic Era or Paleogene Period?

The age of mammals began, with mammals diversifying and becoming the dominant terrestrial animals after the extinction of dinosaurs.

What happened during the Neogene period?

the first Hominidae are seen. Earliest direct human ancestors Hominidae apes. There was also the appearance of bipedal human ancestors

What organisms are seen during the Quaternary period/Pleistocene Epoch?

Modern humans emerged, along with woolly mammoths, saber-toothed cats, and other megafauna. This period also saw significant climate changes and the development of human culture origin of the genus Homo

What occurs during the Holocene Epoch?

The Holocene Epoch follows the last Ice Age, witnessing the rise of agriculture, human civilization, and significant environmental changes.