Day Six & Seven (Chapter 9, 14, & 18)

Organs

A group of tissue that has a specific function.

Tissue

A group of cells that perform a similar task.

Cells

The building blocks of the human body.

Integumentary System

The skin- aka the largest organ in the human body

Prevents…

• Injury to internal organs

• Bacteria from entering the body

• Loss of too much water

It is made up of 3 layers-

Epidermis; Dead & living cells / Opening of ducts

Dermis; Capillaries / Nerves / Glands (sebaceous)

Subcutaneous Tissue; Fat cells

* Sebaceous glands- secrete oil (sebum) to keep the skin lubricated

It is a sense organ - It feels pain, heat, cold, touch, & pressure.

→ Dilation: Widen blood vessels (When outside temperature is too high!)

→ Contraction: Narrow blood vessels (When outside temperature is too low!)

** Regulates temperature and responds to senses

Musculoskeletal System

Muscles, bones, ligaments, tendons, and cartilage gives the body shape and structure.

→ There are 206 bones in the human body!

BONES: Allows the body to move & protects organs.

• Hard a rigid yet made up of living cells

JOINTS: Where 2 bones meet

~ Ball and Socket- Make movement possible in all directions.

ex: Hip and Shoulder joints

~ Hinge Joint- Permits movement in one direction only.

ex: Elbow and Knee joints

**Synovial Joints

MUSCLES: Provide movement of body parts to maintain posture and to produce heat.

• Voluntary Muscles (Skeletal Muscles)- Attached to bones and cane be moved when a person wants them to. → ex: Arm & Leg Muscles

• Involuntary Muscles- The automatically regulate the movement of organs and blood vessels. → ex: The heart

Atrophy: The degradation / breakdown of a muscle (it is wasting away) often yielding decreased size & becomes weak.

Contracture: When a tendon / muscle shortens, becomes inflexible, and “freezes” in position. → This can cause permanent disability of the limb.

ROM Exercises- Promote increased circulation, oxygen, & nutrients improve muscle tone.

Nervous System

Composed of 2 parts- The CNS & PNS

→ CNS: Central Nervous System

→ PNS: Peripheral Nervous System; The nerves that extend through the body

CNS: Brain & Spinal Cord

The brain has 3 main sections:

1) Cerebrum- The largest section of the brain!

• Outside layer: Cerebral Cortex (Where thinking, analysis, association of ideas, judgement, emotions, memory, direct speech, Interpret senses, and voluntary muscle control occur)

2) Cerebellum:

• Regulates voluntary muscle control and controls balance- it produces smooth movements.

• Someone who has issues w/ their cerebellum will be uncoordinated & jerky movements

3) Brainstem: Connects the Cerebrum and the Cerebellum to the Spinal Cord

• “The Regulatory Center”

  • Controls heart rate, swallowing, coughing, vomiting, & closing / opening of blood vessels.

Spinal Cord: Connected to the brain & is protected by the bones in the spinal column.

• Nerve pathways run through the spinal cord & Conduct messages b/w the brain and the body.

**Sense organs- Eyes, ears, tongue, nose, & skin are a part of the nervous system.

Circulatory System (Cardiovascular System)

The system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.

• The blood leaves the heart in arteries (The aorta is the LARGEST).

  • Coronary Artery carries the blood to the heart

• The blood w/ waste products return to the heart in vein (The IVC & SVC are the LARGEST).

• Capillaries: Tiny blood vessels the receive blood from arteries (Carry to Cells)

The heart is made up of 4 chambers:

1) Right Atrium- Deoxygenated blood

2) Right Ventricle- Deoxygenated blood

3) Left Atrium- Oxygenated blood

4) Left Ventricle- Oxygenated blood

• Ventricles pump blood

• Atrium fill with blood

Systole- The contraction phase / When the ventricles pump blood through the blood vessels

Diastole- The resting phase / When the chambers fill with blood

4 components of Blood:

Red Blood Cells (RBCs)- Erythrocytes

• They carry O2 to the cells.

White Blood Cells (WBCs)- Leukocytes

• They defend the body from foreign invaders

Platelets- Thrombocytes

• Clotting Agents

Plasma- The liquid portion of the blood (Made of mostly water)

Respiratory System

Respiration- The bodies taking in O2 and releasing CO2.

→ Inspiration: Inhale

→ Expiration: Exhale

1) Air enters the nose (warms up and catches bacteria)

2) Into the pharynx

3) Down through the larynx

4) Into trachea

• Which branches in 2 at the lower portion (right & left bronchus)

5) Each bronchus subdivides into bronchioles (smaller airways which divides further)

6) They end in Alveoli- Tiny air sacks (blood is supplied via capillaries)

Urinary System

Contains:

• 2 Kidneys

• 2 Ureters

• 1 Bladder

• 1 Urethra

• 1 Meatus

The kidneys filter out waste products and water.

• The necessary water is reabsorbed into the bloodstream.

• The waste is removed via urine.

Gastrointestional System

The long passageway that extends from the mouth to the rectum (bringing in nutrients)

• Food lands in the stomach, flows into the small Intestine (about 20 ft long), then goes into the Large intestine.

Peristalsis: the involuntary contractions in the esophagus which moves food down into the stomach.

→ Glucose: The sugar

→ Insulin: Carries the sugar to each cells

*The liver converts fats into glucose

Endocrine System

Glands- Organs that produce and secrete chemical called hormones

Hormones- Chemical substances created by the body that controls numerous bodily functions

→ They are carried in the blood to various organs

Pituitary Gland ~ MASTER GLAND (located behind the eyes at the base of the brain)

Secretes…

• Growth Hormone

• ADH

• Oxytocin

It also produces hormones that REGULATE other GLANDS.

Thyroid Gland ~ Regulates metabolism

Parathyroid Gland ~ Regulates the calcium and phosphorus in the bloodstream

Gonads ~ Produce hormones that regulate the body’s ability to reproduce

Pancreas ~ Creates insulin

Reproductive System

Male: Testes (scrotum on the outside of the body)

→ They produce male sex cells: Sperm

Female: Ovaries (near the fallopian tubes)

→ Produce female sex cells: Egg

Immune & Lymphatic Systems

Protects the body from disease-causing bacteria, viruses, and microorganisms.

Nonspecific Immunity- Protects the body from disease in general.

• Anatomic Barriers- Skin & Mucous Membranes

• Physiological Barriers- Body Temp. & Acidity of Organs

• Inflammatory Responses- Swelling & Inflammation (Indicators)

Specific Immunity- Protects against particular diseases invading the body

• Specific antibodies created special for viruses and bacterial

• Acquired Immunity- Either through getting vaccinated or developing antibodies naturally

Lymph: Carries disease-fighting cells called lymphocytes

→ Fluid is circulated by muscle activity

Oral Temperature

Average Temp: 97.6- 99.6°F

Hold for 3 mins

Rectal Temperature

Average Temp: 98.6-100.6

Hold for 3 mins

Axiliary Temperature

Average Temp: 96.6-98.6

Hold for 10 mins

Popular Pulse Point

Apical- Over heart (Chest)

Carotid- Neck

Brachial- Arm

Radial- Thumb side

Femoral- Upper groin

Different Types of Respiration

Apnea: The absence of breathing

Dyspnea: Difficulty breathing

Eupnea: Normal respiration

Orthopnea: Shortness of breath while lying down- relieved when sitting up

Tachypnea: Rapid breathing

Bradypnea: Slow breathing

Hypertension

High Blood Pressure

• Headaches

• Sudden Changes in Vision

• Chest Pain

Hypotension

Low Blood Pressure

• Dizziness

• Fainting

• Nausea

Warm Compressions

Relaxes muscles

Cold Compresses

Reduce Inflammation

Oxygen Concentrator

Machine that pulls air through and concentrates the O2 compenent into a more condensed delivery.

Nutrient

1. Water

2. Carbohydrates

3. Proteins

4. Fats

5. Vitamins- Needed by the body to function

6. Minerals- Maintain body functions

Dysphagia

Difficulty swallowing & breathing

Aspiration

Inhaling food, fluid, or foreign material into the lungs.

• Residents must remain up right for at least 30 mins after eating

  • An hour is prefered!