9 - Final Exam Review SEP

Comprehensive practice flashcards covering biology final exam topics including cell biology, genetics, organism classification, plant physiology, and human body systems.

What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative data?

Qualitative data consists of descriptions with words, while quantitative data has to do with numbers.

How does a scientific theory differ from a scientific law?

A scientific theory is an explanation or observations of events based on knowledge from observations and investigations, whereas a scientific law is a statement about what happens in nature.

What is the difference between a response and an adaptation?

A response occurs when an organism reacts to an internal or external stimulus, while an adaptation is an inherited characteristic that develops over time and increases the rate of survival.

What is the definition of Biology?

The study of life.

What is the definition of an organism?

Anything that has or once had the characteristics of life; it is made of cells, grows/reproduces, and requires energy.

What is selective permeability in a cell?

It is the property of the cell's plasma membrane that allows some substances to come in while keeping others out.

What are the roles of the E.R. and the Golgi apparatus in a cell?

The ER is a folded membrane system that serves as the site for protein and lipid synthesis; the Golgi apparatus is a flattened stack of membranes that modify, sort, and package proteins to transport them to other organelles or out of the cell.

What are the functions of ribosomes and mitochondria?

Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis; mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell, responsible for energy production.

What are the components of DNA?

Deoxyribose sugar, phosphate, and four nitrogenous bases: $A$, $C$, $G$, and $T$.

What is the central dogma of biology?

DNA codes for RNA, which guides protein synthesis.

What are the specific base pairs in DNA?

$A-T$ and $C-G$.

What are homologous chromosomes?

Pairs of chromosomes having DNA segments or genes for the same traits.

What is the purpose of meiosis beyond reproduction?

It provides for chromosomal variation in gametes produced by an organism.

What is the sequence of chromosome stages in meiosis?

$$I - P - M - A - T$$

In Punnett squares, what are the resulting ratios for a cross between $Yy$ and $yy$?

The ratios of traits resulting from a cross of heterozygous and homozygous recessive alleles.

How are dominant and recessive alleles represented, and what is the $F_1$ generation?

$PP$ or $Pp$ represents dominant, and $pp$ represents recessive; the $F_1$ generation consists of the offspring or children from their cross.

What are the genotype terms for $DD$, $dd$, and $Dd$?

$DD$ is homozygous dominant, $dd$ is homozygous recessive, and $Dd$ is heterozygous.

What are the characteristics of saprophytic, mutualistic, and parasitic fungi?

Saprophytic fungi (e.g., fungus on a dead log) feed on dead organic material; mutualistic species benefit each other; parasitic organisms benefit at the expense of another organism.

What are the characteristics of Kingdoms Archaea and Bacteria?

Archaea live in extreme environments; Bacteria are unicellular prokaryotes that can be autotrophs or heterotrophs.

What are the three groups of protists?

Plant like, animal like, and fungus like.

What are pigments?

Light absorbing molecules, such as chlorophyll.

Where does glycolysis occur?

In the cytoplasm.

What is the difference between aerobic respiration and fermentation?

Aerobic respiration requires oxygen, while fermentation occurs in the absence of oxygen.

What is the difference between angiosperms and gymnosperms?

Angiosperms produce flowers and fruit; gymnosperms are woody and seed-producing but do not have flowers or fruit.

Which structures are specific to plant cells?

A large central vacuole and mainly green colored pigments.

What are the male and female reproductive organs of a plant?

The male organs are the filament and anther (collectively the stamen); the female organs are the stigma and style (collectively the pistil).

What is the difference between vertebrates and invertebrates?

Vertebrates have an endoskeleton and a backbone, while invertebrates have no backbone.

What are the characteristics of the phylum Arthropoda?

Bilateral symmetry, segmented body, and a hard exoskeleton containing chitin.

What is the difference between classical and operant conditioning?

Classical conditioning (e.g., Pavlov dogs) is learned behavior from an association between two different stimuli; operant conditioning (e.g., Skinner’s rats) is learned behavior from an association between a response and a punishment or reward.

What is an important part of the integumentary system?

The skin.

What are the functions of the circulatory system?

It helps fight infections, removes waste from the bloodstream, pumps blood to and away from the heart, and transports oxygen and nutrients.

What is the definition of homeostasis?

An internal environment that remains relatively constant.

How do arteries and veins differ in blood transport?

Arteries carry blood away from the heart to the rest of the body; veins carry deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart.

To which two body systems do the lungs belong?

The respiratory and excretory systems.

What are the functions of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) vs the central nervous system (CNS)?

The PNS transmits external stimuli and motor responses; the CNS handles perception, movement, intellect, and regulates body temperature, thirst, appetite, respiration, blood pressure, and heart rate.

What are the parts of a neuron that should be labeled?

The cell body, dendrite, and axon.

When do secondary sex characteristics begin to develop?

During puberty.