AP EURO

What was the primary function of the Triangular Trade between the 16th and 19th centuries?

It connected Europe, Africa, and the Americas to facilitate the exchange of goods, enslaved people, and plantation products.

What goods were transported from Europe to Africa during the Triangular Trade?

Manufactured goods, firearms, cloth, beads, and alcohol.

What was the significance of joint-stock companies in the early modern period?

They allowed investors to pool capital for long, expensive overseas ventures, contributing to the development of modern capitalism.

Name a major effect of the cash-crop economy in the Americas.

Expansion of slavery and creation of monoculture economies vulnerable to price swings.

What two types of goods were transferred from the Americas to the Old World during the Columbian Exchange?

Potatoes and tobacco.

What was the main goal of the Elizabethan Settlement of 1559?

To create a middle way between Catholic ritual and Protestant doctrine to stabilize England.

What was the Middle Passage in the context of the Transatlantic Slave Trade?

The horrific journey of enslaved African people to the Americas, marked by high mortality and trauma.

How did the Thirty Years' War conclude?

With the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648, which established state sovereignty and non-interference in domestic affairs.

What key reform did the Catholic Church undertake during the Counter-Reformation?

The Council of Trent, which addressed doctrinal clarity and church reforms.

What sparked the Protestant Reformation in the early 16th century?

Martin Luther's 95 Theses criticizing indulgences and church practices.

What was the outcome of the Peace of Westphalia in terms of religion?

It legally recognized Calvinism alongside Catholicism and Lutheranism.

Who proposed the heliocentric model of the universe?

Nicolaus Copernicus.

What role did Islamic scholars play in the preservation of Greek and Roman texts?

They preserved, translated, and expanded upon Greek thought, which later influenced the Renaissance.

What was the primary economic impact of the Bank of Amsterdam?

It created a stable currency and reduced trade settlement costs, helping Amsterdam become a financial hub.

Summarize Spain's rise during the late 15th to 16th century.

Unification under Ferdinand and Isabella, completion of the Reconquista, and wealth from New World expeditions.

What were the long-term effects of the witch hunts in Europe?

Social control, suppression of nonconforming behavior, and a gradual decline in large-scale hunts with the rise of Enlightenment reasoning.