Sociology Exam 4 Condensed

The technological processes that enable a sender to transmit a message to a receiver are broadly defined as _____.

Media

Which type of media is characterized by private, interactive communication between known individuals, such as a telephone call?

Interpersonal Media

What are the two primary features of traditional mass media communication?

It involves anonymous receivers and one-to-many communication.

In the media industry, what occurs when a company owns different stages of production and distribution for a single media form, such as a publisher owning paper mills and bookstores?

Vertical Integration

A media corporation that owns various types of media outlets, such as TV stations, radio stations, and newspapers, is said to be _____.

Horizontally Integrated

What is the defining characteristic of a 'dual product market' in the media industry?

A company simultaneously markets content to users and sells those users' attention to advertisers.

The tendency for media corporations from wealthy nations to dominate the cultures of poorer nations through exported products is known as _____.

Cultural Imperialism

Which media theory suggests that media influence what people think about by emphasizing or ignoring specific issues?

Agenda-setting theory

The concept of _____ examines how the omnipresence of media has fundamentally changed various aspects of social life and institutions.

Mediatization

According to the 'spiral of silence' theory, why do individuals often remain quiet about controversial issues?

They perceive their opinions are not shared by the majority and fear isolation.

In consumer culture, the process of designing a product so that it loses its utility or becomes unfashionable in a short period is called _____.

Planned Obsolescence

What term describes the process where advertisers frustrate consumers about their current lives to evoke a desire for a new, emulated lifestyle?

Emotional Obsolescence

According to Karl Marx, what refers to the isolation of workers from their own creative potential and the products of their labor?

Alienation

The process of transforming all things—including services like pet sitting or finding mates—into products for sale is known as _____.

Commodification

Which term did Ferdinand Tonnies use to describe traditional rural communities characterized by personal ties and collective orientation?

Gemeinschaft

According to Emile Durkheim, social cohesion in large cities based on the interdependence of specialized roles is called _____ solidarity.

Organic

What urban process involves rehabilitating older housing in a way that often displaces low-income residents?

Gentrification

In environmental sociology, the concept of _____ refers to a balance between resource protection and consumption that can be maintained indefinitely.

Sustainability

The legitimate power of a specialist to define the terms of discussion and set standards within their specific field is known as _____.

Professional Authority

Persistent patterns of inequality in health outcomes based on social factors such as income and education are called _____.

Health Disparities

According to Max Weber, what is the defining characteristic of a state?

The state claims a monopoly on the legitimate use of physical force within a territory.

Which theory of political power argues that power is fragmented among many different competing interest groups?

Pluralist Theory

According to 'Power Elite Theory,' power is concentrated in the hands of leaders from which three sectors?

Business, government, and the military.

What is the term for political violence directed at civilians by their own or other governments?

State Terrorism

Economic systems are socially constructed because they reflect the _____ and power structures of a specific society.

Cultural Values

Which economic system emphasizes private ownership of the means of production and is operated for profit?

Capitalism

Which economic system emphasizes public ownership of major industries to meet human needs and promote social justice?

Socialism

A _____ welfare state, like the one in the United States, provides minimal social benefits as a safety net.

Liberal

Which type of welfare state offers high levels of universal benefits and social insurance funded by higher taxes?

Social-democratic

What term describes an organized collective effort by relatively powerless people to promote or resist social change?

Social Movement

In the study of social movements, the process of interpreting and assigning meaning to events to gain support is called _____.

Framing

A social movement that seeks total change at the individual level is classified as a _____ movement.

Redemptive

Which type of social movement seeks partial change at the societal level, such as advocating for specific policy reforms?

Reformative

A _____ social movement seeks total change at the societal level, aiming to replace the entire existing structure.

Transformative

What occurs when the value of a product or service, such as social media, increases as the number of users grows?

Network Effect

The phenomenon where individuals express concern about online privacy but continue to share personal information on social media is the _____.

Privacy Paradox

What is the term for the isolation of users in online environments where they are only exposed to views that reinforce their own?

Echo Chambers (or Filter Bubbles)

According to Marx's historical materialism, what drives the fundamental changes in other aspects of social life?

The economic base of society.

Which concept describes a winner-take-all electoral system where the candidate with the most votes wins, regardless of a majority?

Plurality Voting

The process of generating the assets and people necessary to sustain and grow a social movement is called _____.

Resource Mobilization

Which population theory suggests that societies move through stages of growth and stabilization influenced by technology and affluence?

Demographic Transition Theory

What term describes economic policies that aim for private markets to operate with minimal government oversight or regulation?

Neoliberalism