Psycholinguistics - Language Production Flashcards

Flashcards covering the stages of language production, types of speech errors, lexicalization models, and syntactic/phonological planning as discussed in Psycholinguistics PSYC 4110.

Preverbal Message

The idea or information the speaker intends to communicate that must be matched with linguistic information by mental operations.

Lexical Selection

The stage of choosing the word at the lemma-level during speech production.

Syntactic Representation

An abstract linguistic representation that involves assigning structure to words retrieved from the lexicon.

Phonological Representation

A representation created in the production process that specifies the sounds of words before generating instructions for the vocal apparatus.

Articulatory System

The system responsible for executing instructions and creating the speech signal.

Anticipation errors

Speech errors where a segment is produced earlier than intended, such as 'a leading list' for 'a reading list'.

Perseveration errors

Speech errors where a segment is repeated later than intended, such as 'a phonological fool' for 'a phonological rule'.

Exchange errors

Slips of the tongue where two units swap places, including phonemic segments like vowels (e.g., 'fool the pill') or full words.

Omission errors

Speech errors involving the deletion of a segment, such as saying 'peach error' instead of 'speech error'.

Voicing reversal

A phonemic feature error involving the change of voicing, such as 'pig and vat' instead of 'big and fat'.

Reverend Spooner

The individual associated with 'Tips of the Slongue' or spoonerisms, such as 'Is the bean dizzy?' for 'Is the dean busy?'.

Freudian slips

Slips of the tongue that reveal hidden thoughts through semantically associated words, as described by Sigmund Freud (1901).

Slips of the pen

Miswritings or mistypings that reflect phonological, morphological, or syntactic mis-processing, such as 'triting' for 'writing'.

Slips of the ear

The receptive side of speech errors, involving mis-construing the language that one perceives.

Lexicalization

The two-stage process of finding, selecting a word (meaning-based), and preparing it to be spoken (phonologically based).

Lemma

A level of word representation between semantic and phonological representations that is syntactically specified but contains no sound-level information.

Lexeme (form)

The level of representation containing phonological information, including what the sounds are and how they are sequenced.

Serial model of word production

A model where sound activation does not begin until the process of lexical selection is entirely complete.

Cascaded model of word production

A model where sound activation begins as soon as lemmas are activated, even before a specific lemma is chosen.

Picture-word interference task

A task where subjects name a picture; naming is slower if a semantically related word is present and faster if a phonologically related word is present.

Tip of the tongue phenomenon

Inability to activate speech due to insufficient access to the lexical element, despite knowing the intended word.

Partial activation hypothesis

A theory suggesting the tip of the tongue state occurs because semantic identification and phonological activation are different sub-processes.

Blocking hypothesis

A theory suggesting the tip of the tongue state occurs because the target item is suppressed by a stronger competitor.

Topic - comment order

A factor in syntactic planning where 'given' or 'old' information is provided before 'new' information (e.g., 'As for the test, it will be less complicated').

Syntactic priming

The tendency for a speaker to reuse a specific syntactic construction they have recently heard or used.

Number-agreement errors

Incorrect subject-verb agreement (e.g., 'A trip of two plane flights are exhausting') often influenced by local words or notional number.

Notional number

The conceptual number of a word, such as 'scissors' being notionally singular despite being grammatically plural.

Frame-based models

Phonological encoding models where linguistic structures create frames with slots that are filled by separately retrieved sound segments.

Scan-copier device

A mechanism that works through a syllabic frame in left-to-right serial order selecting phonemes; its disruption can lead to stuttering.

Unfilled pause

A moment of silence during speech, typically attributed to microplanning such as retrieving difficult words.

Filled hesitation

Gaps in speech flow filled by sounds like 'uh' and 'um,' repetitions, false starts, or parenthetical remarks like 'I mean'.

Microplanning

The process of retrieving difficult words, often resulting in shorter, unfilled pauses.

Macroplanning

The process of planning sentence syntax and content, which can lead to filled pauses or longer hesitations like 'um'.