Comprehensive Developmental Psychology Theories for BLEPP Preparation

What is the main purpose of life according to Erik Erikson?

Procreation

What is the first stage of Erikson's developmental theory?

Trust vs. Mistrust (0-18 months)

What virtue is associated with the stage of Trust vs. Mistrust?

Hope

What is the second stage of Erikson's developmental theory?

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (18 months - 3 years)

What virtue is associated with the stage of Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt?

Will

What is the third stage of Erikson's developmental theory?

Initiative vs. Guilt (3 - 5 years)

What virtue is associated with the stage of Initiative vs. Guilt?

Purpose

What is the fourth stage of Erikson's developmental theory?

Industry vs. Inferiority (5 - 13 years)

What virtue is associated with the stage of Industry vs. Inferiority?

Competence

What is the fifth stage of Erikson's developmental theory?

Identity vs. Identity Confusion (13 - 21 years)

What virtue is associated with the stage of Identity vs. Identity Confusion?

Fidelity

What is the sixth stage of Erikson's developmental theory?

Intimacy vs. Isolation (21 - 40 years)

What virtue is associated with the stage of Intimacy vs. Isolation?

Love

What is the seventh stage of Erikson's developmental theory?

Generativity vs. Stagnation (40 - 65 years)

What virtue is associated with the stage of Generativity vs. Stagnation?

Care

What is the eighth stage of Erikson's developmental theory?

Integrity vs. Despair (65 years and onwards)

What virtue is associated with the stage of Integrity vs. Despair?

Wisdom

What are the five stages of Sigmund Freud's psychosexual development?

Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latent, Genital

What is the first stage of Freud's psychosexual development?

Oral (0 - 1 year)

What conflict occurs during the Oral stage?

Weaning from the primary caregiver

What is the second stage of Freud's psychosexual development?

Anal (1 - 3 years)

What is the primary focus during the Anal stage?

Control of bladder and bowel movements

What is the third stage of Freud's psychosexual development?

Phallic (3 - 6 years)

What complex is associated with the Phallic stage?

Oedipus Complex

What is the fourth stage of Freud's psychosexual development?

Latent (6 - 12 years)

What happens during the Latent stage?

Libido is suppressed and sexual energy is sublimated into developing life skills

What is the fifth stage of Freud's psychosexual development?

Genital (12 years and onwards)

What strengthens the Superego during childhood?

Identification with social values, same-sex heroes, and friends.

At what age does the Genital stage of development begin?

12 years old.

What happens if a child balances their Id and Superego?

They develop a good ego, becoming a responsible and good citizen.

What characterizes a child with moderate trauma according to Minseok?

A stronger Superego than ego, obeying norms and authorities while suppressing needs.

What is the outcome of a traumatic childhood as seen in Baron?

A weak ego and superego, prioritizing sexual needs over social norms.

What is the first stage of Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory?

Sensorimotor stage (0-2 years old).

What key milestone occurs in the Sensorimotor stage?

Object permanence.

What is the age range for the Preoperational stage in Piaget's theory?

2-7 years old.

What is a significant characteristic of the Preoperational stage?

Children engage in pretend play and exhibit egocentrism.

What is the key milestone of the Concrete Operational stage?

Conservation.

At what age does the Concrete Operational stage occur?

7-11 years old.

What cognitive ability is developed in the Formal Operational stage?

Abstract reasoning.

What is the age range for the Formal Operational stage?

11 years old and above.

What is the first level of Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development?

Pre-Conventional level.

What is Stage 1 of Kohlberg's moral development?

Punishment/Obedience.

What is Stage 2 of Kohlberg's moral development?

Instrumental Purpose and Rewards.

What is the focus of Stage 3 in Kohlberg's theory?

Good Boy/Girl orientation.

What is the focus of Stage 4 in Kohlberg's theory?

Law and Order orientation.

What characterizes the Post-Conventional level in Kohlberg's theory?

Social Contract and Universal Ethical Principles.

What is Bronfenbrenner's theory primarily about?

Ecological development and the influence of various systems on a child's growth.

What are the five systems in Bronfenbrenner's ecological model?

Chronosystem, Macrosystem, Exosystem, Mesosystem, Microsystem.

What does the Microsystem in Bronfenbrenner's theory include?

Family, friends, school, and neighbors.

What is the significance of relationships in the Microsystem?

They are bi-directional and crucial for supporting a child's development.

What is an example of a milestone in the Preoperational stage?

Children engage in animism, believing objects have feelings.

What does the term 'egocentrism' refer to in the Preoperational stage?

Children's inability to see perspectives other than their own.

What is the role of the Superego according to Freudian theory?

To enforce social norms and values, often leading to feelings of guilt.

How does a strong ego manifest in a child's behavior?

By balancing the demands of the Id and Superego effectively.

What are microsystems in child development?

Microsystems are personal interactions that are crucial for fostering and supporting a child's development.

How does a nurturing relationship with parents affect a child?

A strong nurturing relationship has a positive effect on the child's development.

What is the mesosystem in child development?

The mesosystem involves interactions between different microsystems, such as between parents and teachers.

What effect does good communication between parents and teachers have on a child?

Positive communication can lead to positive effects on the child's development.

What is the exosystem in child development?

The exosystem includes social structures that indirectly influence the child, such as a parent's workplace.

How can a parent's bad day at work affect their child?

A parent's bad day may lead to a short temper, negatively affecting the child's development.

What does the macrosystem refer to in child development?

The macrosystem focuses on how cultural elements, such as socioeconomic status and ethnicity, affect a child's development.

How does being born into different socioeconomic statuses affect development?

Children born into different socioeconomic statuses may experience different developmental stages and life perceptions.

What is the chronosystem in child development?

The chronosystem encompasses all environmental changes over a lifetime that influence development, including major life transitions.

What is Vygotsky's Sociocultural Development Theory?

It emphasizes social interaction as a key factor in cognitive development, highlighting the role of community and language.

What is the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)?

The ZPD represents what a child can achieve with help, indicating the gap between independent and supported learning.

What is scaffolding in educational contexts?

Scaffolding is the supportive assistance provided by adults or peers to help a child learn a task.

Who is considered a 'More Knowledgeable Other'?

A More Knowledgeable Other is an adult or peer who guides a child in learning.

What are the types of attachment identified by Ainsworth?

Types include Insecure-Avoidant (Type A), Secure (Type B), Insecure-Ambivalent (Type C), and Disorganized.

What characterizes Insecure-Avoidant attachment?

Children are independent of the attachment figure and do not seek contact when distressed.

What are the characteristics of Secure attachment?

Children have a warm bond with parents, are confident in interactions, and seek comfort when distressed.

What defines Insecure-Ambivalent attachment?

Children distrust caregivers, seek approval, and are emotionally dependent, often showing distress when separated.

What is the impact of inconsistent caregiver behavior on attachment?

Inconsistent behavior can lead to Insecure-Ambivalent attachment, where children are less confident and wary of strangers.

What is the role of community in Vygotsky's theory?

Community plays a central role in learning, as social interactions facilitate cognitive development.

How does cultural context influence child development?

Cultural context shapes the experiences and developmental stages of children based on societal norms and values.

What are the implications of the chronosystem on development?

Changes over time, such as parental divorce or historical events, can significantly influence a child's development.

What is the significance of the term 'scaffolding'?

Scaffolding refers to the support given to learners, enabling them to achieve tasks they cannot complete independently.

How does a child's environment affect their learning according to Vygotsky?

A child's learning is influenced by their interactions with more knowledgeable individuals in their environment.

What is the relationship between socioeconomic status and child development?

Socioeconomic status can affect access to resources, opportunities, and overall developmental outcomes for children.

What does the term 'developmental stages' refer to?

Developmental stages are the distinct phases of growth and change that children experience as they mature.

What is the effect of a secure attachment on a child's exploration?

A secure attachment allows children to explore their environment confidently, knowing they can return to their caregiver for support.

What is the disorganized attachment pattern in infants?

A lack of clear attachment behavior, often showing contradictory, repetitive, or misdirected behaviors.

What behaviors might infants with disorganized attachment exhibit?

Contradictory behaviors such as seeking closeness to a stranger instead of the mother or showing fear upon the caregiver's return.

What is a potential outcome of disorganized attachment in infants?

It may lead to psychopathology in adolescence.

What factors contribute to the development of disorganized attachment?

Insensitivity, intrusiveness, or abusive behavior from the mother, or unresolved loss in the mother.

What is Mahler's Separation-Individuation Theory?

A theory describing the stages of an infant's development of self and separation from the primary caregiver.

What characterizes the normal autistic stage in Mahler's theory?

The infant is primarily focused on themselves, uninterested in external stimuli, viewing the mother as part of themselves.

What happens during the normal symbiotic stage (1-5 months)?

The infant acknowledges the mother as the main source of need-satisfaction, intertwining physiological needs with psychological desires.

What is the separation-individuation stage (5-24 months)?

A stage where the infant develops an understanding of self-boundaries and begins to view the mother as an individual.

What occurs during the differentiation/hatching sub-stage (5-9 months)?

The infant's focus shifts from internal to external, becoming interested in discovering the mother rather than merging with her.

What is the practicing sub-stage (9-14 months) in Mahler's theory?

The child explores freely while still regarding the mother as unified with them, influenced by the mother's reactions.

What is the rapprochement sub-stage (14-24 months)?

The child seeks independence while fearing abandonment, maintaining proximity to the caretaker during exploration.

What are the three substages of rapprochement?

Beginning (sharing experiences), Crisis (recognizing limitations), and Solution (achieving a balance between independence and proximity).

What is object constancy (24+ months)?

The development of an internalized mental model of the mother that supports the child even when physically separated.

How does object constancy affect self-concept?

It implicates the formation of a healthy self-concept and self-confidence.

What is a reliable predictor of later behavioral problems in children?

Disorganized attachment patterns in infancy.

What is a key characteristic of infants with disorganized attachment?

They show confusion and fear in attachment behaviors.

How does the mother's behavior influence attachment patterns?

Sensitive and responsive caregiving fosters secure attachment, while insensitivity can lead to disorganized attachment.

What is the primary goal of the normal autistic stage?

To achieve a state of equilibrium without understanding that needs may be satisfied externally.

What is the significance of the mother's adaptability during the normal symbiotic stage?

It is crucial for the infant's successful progression through later developmental stages.

What emotional challenges may arise during the crisis sub-stage of rapprochement?

Temper tantrums and helplessness due to the child's struggle between independence and proximity to the caretaker.