RGA TBL3 Chunk 2 Androgens
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38 Terms
What are androgens?
Sex hormones
What do androgens help in?
Expression of the male phenotype
What is the predominant androgen in males?
Testosterone
Which androgen is a very weak androgen?
Androstenediol
Which androgen is converted from testosterone and is the more potent version of testosterone?
Dihydrotestosterone
Which cells synthesise androgens?
Leydig cells
From what substance are androgens synthesised?
Cholesterol
Which hormone stimulates androgen synthesis in Leydig cells?
Luteinizing hormone
What is the first product formed during androgen synthesis?
Pregnenolone
In what form do androgens primarily circulate in the blood?
Bound form
What percentage of circulating testosterone is bound to sex hormone binding globulin?
About 60
What percentage of circulating testosterone is bound to albumin?
About 38
What percentage of circulating testosterone is free?
About 2
What is the active form of testosterone?
Free testosterone
To what receptors do androgens bind to exert their effects?
Androgen receptors
Where are androgen receptors stabilised in the absence of androgens?
Cytoplasm
Which proteins stabilise androgen receptors in the cytoplasm?
Heat shock proteins
What happens to heat shock proteins when androgen binds to the androgen receptor?
They dissociate from the androgen receptor
What enzyme converts testosterone into 5-alpha dihydrotestosterone?
5-alpha reductase
In which organs is testosterone converted to 5-alpha dihydrotestosterone?
Prostate gland, liver, brain and skin
Which cellular process follows androgen receptor activation?
Nuclear translocation
What happens after androgen receptor nuclear translocation?
Transcriptional regulation
What male reproductive duct is formed under the influence of androgens?
Ejaculatory duct
What happens to the paramesonephric duct under the influence of androgens?
It regresses
What structure differentiates from the urogenital sinus under androgen influence?
Urinary bladder
Where are androgen receptors present during male development?
Wolffian ducts and urogenital sinus
What condition occurs when androgen receptors are absent or insensitive?
Androgen insensitivity syndrome
What happens to internal genitalia in androgen insensitivity syndrome?
Do not have functional internal genitalia
What happens to external genitalia in androgen insensitivity syndrome?
Develop the female phenotype
What causes feminisation in androgen insensitivity syndrome?
Conversion of androgens to oestrogen
What is the effect of testosterone on the male reproductive system?
Stimulates differentiation and growth of the male reproductive system
What effect does testosterone have on behaviour?
Increased libido
What effect does testosterone have on skeletal growth?
Fusion of the epiphyses
What effect does testosterone have on metabolic rate?
Accelerates metabolic rate
What effect does testosterone have on muscle?
Increases muscle bulk
What effect does testosterone have on bone?
Maintains bone health
Why is 5-alpha reductase a drug target?
To block the conversion of testosterone to 5-alpha dihydrotestosterone
In which conditions is blocking 5-alpha reductase beneficial?
Benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer