Principles Section From Pg 9

What are characteristics of A alpha peripheral nerve fibers?

Heavily myelinated, fastest, largest, most sensitive

What are the types of A alpha sensory fibers?

1A muscle spindles and 1B golgi tendon organ; they carry information related t proprioception (muscle sense)

What type of nerve fibers are 1A muscle spindles and 1B golgi tendon organ?

Proprioception from muscle spindle; spindle detects stretch/velocity

What does the GTO detect?

Afferent detects tension on tendon or joint

What do A beta 2 sensory fibers do?

Carry information related to touch

What type of nerve fibers are A beta 2?

Touch pressure receptor afferents; fine touch, vibration sense, two-point discrimination

What type of nerve fibers are A gamma?

Muscle spindle efferent; gamma motor neuron determines muscle tone

What do A delta 3 sensory fibers do?

Carry information for pain and temperature

What type of nerve fibers are A delta fibers?

Light touch, fast pain (sharp initial pain)

What do B sensory fibers do?

Primary goal is to transmit autonomic information

What type of nerve fibers are B fibers?

Preganglionic autonomic efferent

What are characteristics of C4 peripheral nerve fibers?

Unmyelinated pain fibers, small diameter, slow conductivity, primary neurotransmitter is substance P

What do C4 sensory fibers do?

Pain, temperature, and itch

What type of nerve fibers are C4 fibers?

Slow pain (longer lasting pain sensations, dull aching pain), temperature afferent, postgangionic autonomic efferent

What is the autonomic nervous system most important function?

Regulate blood flow

Where are sympathetics adrenergic (epinephrine) located?

T1-L2, lateral horn of the spine cord

Where are sympathetics adrenergic (epinephrine) responsible for?

Fight or flight response

How does the body respond with sympathetics adrenergic (epinephrine)?

Increased vasomotor activity, increased sudomotor activity, pupil dilation, bronchodilation, tachycardia, blood to large muscles, pilomotor response

What happens when sympathetics adrenergic (epinephrine) are stimulated/facilitated?

Sympathicotonia

What happens when sympathetics adrenergic (epinephrine) are inhibited?

Sympathetic atonia

Where are parasympathetic cholinergic (acetylcholine) located?

Cranio-sacral division (CN 3, 6, 9, 10) (Sacral nerves 2,3,4)

Where are parasympathetic cholinergic (acetylcholine) responsible for?

Rest and digest; urination, defecation, eating, and sexual activity

How does the body respond to parasympathetic cholinergic (acetylcholine)?

Increased peristalsis, increased smooth muscle activity, depressed respiration, pupil constriction, bradycardia, bowel and bladder active, stimulation of secretions

What happens when parasympathetic cholinergic (acetylcholine) are stimulated/facilitated?

Parasympathicotonia/vagotonia

What happens when parasympathetic cholinergic (acetylcholine) are inhibited?

Parasympathetic atonia

What is the rubrospinal tract?

Muscle tone and synergy to proximal flexors of the upper extremities

What is the reticulospinal tract?

Muscle tone and synergy to the voluntary extensor muscles of back and arms

What is the tectospinal tract?

Neck extensor muscles and eye muscles

What is the vestibulospinal tract?

Extensor muscles of back & legs; balances reflexes and postural muscles

What is the corticospinal (pyramidal) tract?

Voluntary motor, flexors of the hands and feet

What is the lateral spinothalamic tract?

Pain and temperature

What is the ventral spinothalamic tract?

Crude light touch and pressure

What is the dorsal columns medial lemniscus (DCML) responsible for?

Carry conscious proprioception (vibration, joint position sense, and 2 point discrimination)

What is Meissner’s/Merkel’s receptor responsible for?

Touch

What is Pacinian receptor responsible for?

Vibration

What is Ruffini receptor responsible for?

Joint position sense

What are the spinocerebellar pathway responsible for?

Carry unconscious proprioception

What is the muscle spindle cell (MSC) type 1a fibers responsible for?

Stretch

What is the golgi tendon organ (GTO) type 1b fiber responsible for?

Tension

What are some goals of an adjustment?

Stimulate the 1b golgi tendons and postsynaptic inhibition of the alpha motor neurons due to the fast stretch on the tendon; close the pain gate by sending a proprioceptive message to the CNS on large type A fibers; increase mechanoreceptor bombardment; break up adhesions; increase mobility/motion; improve neurological function

What is C1 responsible for on the metric chart?

Global functions systemic effects

What is C2/3 responsible for on the metric chart?

Tonsils

What is T1-T4 responsible for on the metric chart?

Heart and lung

What is T4 responsible for on the metric chart?

Gallbladder

What is T6-T10 responsible for on the metric chart?

Liver, pancreas, gallbladder

What is T10-T12 responsible for on the metric chart?

Kidney

What is L1-L2 responsible for on the metric chart?

Ovary, colon (sympathetically driven)

What is sacrum responsible for on the metric chart?

Colon, uterus (parasympathetically driven)

Who is DD palmer?

The discover/founder of chiropractic in 1895; he was the first to use short levers (spinous and transverse process)

How did DD palmer define tone?

Nerves too tense or too slack; the foundation that chiropractic is based upon

DD palmer created the nerve compression theory; what did it state?

Stated that the causes of subluxation are chemical (toxins), mechanical (trauma), psychic (thoughts)

How does DD palmer come about innate intelligence?

Learned Chiropractic from eastern european bone setters; based upon the principle of structure (spinal column) to function (nervous system for healing)

How would DD palmer define innate intelligence?

Similar to homeostasis; self regulating and self healing

How would DD palmer define vitalism?

Suggests that the body requires something greater than physical and chemical processes to function

Who is BJ palmer?

The developer of chiropractic; introduced the neurocalometer (hand held instrument used to detect heat imbalances)

Who helped create the meric chart of nerve tracing?

BJ palmer

How does BJ palmer justify the HIO technqiue?

Only C1 and C2 were capable of subluxating and producing significant problems

Who created the cord compression theory?

BJ palmer

What did Carver believe in?

Subluxations are from abnormal biomechanics caused by muscle imbalance in a weight bearing spine; created pelvic distortion model

What is the pelvic distortion model?

Basic distortion of the spine starts in the pelvis

What did Gillet believe in?

Considers the process of mechanical joint dysfunction through three different phases of joint fixation; muscular, ligamentous, articular; he maintains that ligamentous or articular fixations ate the most significant

What does Faye believe in?

Fixation theory of joint hypomobility

Who is Hahnemann?

Father of homeopathy; treats patients with heavily diluted preparations which are thought to cause effects similar to the symptoms presented

Who is Hippocrates?

Father of modern medicine; first to manipulate

What does Illi believe?

Joint hypermobility; decreased SI movement and pelvic dynamics; discovered/tested SI ligaments

What did Kirkaldy-Willis believe?

Presented a pattern of spinal degeneration found on the principles that spinal degeneration often begins with local mechanical derangement in the absence of structural alteration

What does Kirkaldy-Willis believe initiates the degenerative cycle?

Joint hypomobility

What is Kirkaldy-Willis 3 phase model of instability?

(Degeneration) → dysfunction → unstable → stabilization (joint hypomobility, instability, degeneration)

What is Korr’s segmental facilitation theory?

Established the concept of subluxation creating a hyperactive nervous system rather than a decrease in nerve impulses; muscle is central to his theory

Who is Logan?

Founder of Logan basic technique; sacrum as keystone to spine and first to use heel lifts

What does Selye believe?

General adaptation syndrome states under optimum conditions the body can respond to stressors

Who is Stephenson?

Wrote chiropractic textbook; identified 33 principles of chiropractic and “safety pin” cycle

Who is Still, Andrew Taylor?

Founder of Osteopathy; related the integrity of the spine and skeleton to the proper functioning of the circulatory system

Who is Weed, Samuel?

Named chiropractic

What is the core chiropractic paradigm?

The body is self regulating and a self healing organism, the nervous system is the master system that regulates and controls all other organs and tissues and relates the individual to his or her environment, spinal biomechanical dysfunction in the form of vertebral subluxation complex may adversely affect the nervous system’s ability to regulate function, the central focus of the doctor of chiropractic is to optimize patient health by correcting, managing, or minimizing vertebral subluxations through the chiropractic spinal adjustment

What is the definition of afferent?

Sensory impulses from the periphery to the posterior horn of the spinal cord

What is the definition of allodynia?

The perception of pain from a normally non-painful stimulus

What is the definition of ankylosis?

Pathological fusion of bones across a joint

What is the definition of anterior motion segment?

Made up of any two vertebral bodies & an intervertebral disc; weight bearing

What is axonotmesis?

Type 2 nerve injury; disruption of not only the myelin sheath but the axon as well; the epineurium and perineurium remain intact, meaning that there is still some continuity within the nerve

What is Wallerian degeneration?

Axonotmesis leads to this; a process whereby that part of the axon that is separated from the neuronal cell body disintegrates distal to the injury; the prognosis for nerves at this stage is fair and recovery may require months; commonly seen in crush injuries and displaced bone fractures

What is bradykinin?

Released from damaged muscle tissue; inflammatory process and sensitizes nociceptors

What are C fibers?

Small, slow, non-myelinated nerves carrying pain, sensation (nociceptors)

What is creep?

A progressive deformation of a structure under a constant, steadily applied load; when load is applied to a viscoelastic structure it immediately deforms under the load

What are dorsal rami?

Innervate the skin and intrinsic muscles of the back

What is a dermatogenous pain pattern?

Seen in nerve root compression, pain pattern follows course of a dermatome, sharp or burning pain (radicular pain)

What is the definition of efferent?

Motor impulses from the anterior horn of the spinal cord to the periphery

What is the definition of elasticity?

The tendency of tissue under load to return to its original size and shape after removal of the load; rubber bands and ligaments are examples

What is the endoneurium?

Connective tissue that surrounds individual nerve fibers

What is the epineurium?

Connective tissue that surrounds entire nerve and its major branches

What are facets?

Responsible for direction of motion (directional guidance)

What is the definition of facilitation?

Increase in afferent stimuli causes a decreased threshold for firing, continued stimulation result in hyperactive responses

What is a golgi tendon organ?

Receptors located at the end of muscle that detect muscle tension, inhibits muscle contraction when stimulated

What is the definition of homeopathy?

Treats patients with heavily diluted preparations (primarily from plant and mineral sources) which are thought to cause effects similar to the symptoms presented

What is the definition of hypermeia?

Presence of excess blood in the vessels supplying a particular region of the body; hyperactive responses (hypersympathicotonia)

What is the definition of hysteresis?

Refers to the loss of energy when the disc or other viscoelastic structures are subjected to repetitive cycles of loading and unloading; it is the absorption or dissipation of energy by a distorted structure (ex: jumping up and down, the shock energy is absorbed by the discs on its way from the feet to the head)

What is the definition of meniscoid?

Intra-articular synovial tabs; may prevent a joint from having full mobility

What is the definition of a motion segment?

Functional unit of the spine consisting of two vertebral bodies, the disc in between those bodies, the articular facets, as well as the ligaments binding the two vertebrae to one another

What makes up the anterior motion segment?

Vertebral bodies

What makes up the posterior motion segment?

Articular facets