bio 111 lab midterm

cell membrane

it is selectively permeable

• “security system” of cell

Nucleic acid

RNA/DNA building blocks

store and transmit genetic info

• “help desk” of cell

enzymes

protein catalyst that speeds/slows reactions

• “fast passes” of the cell

ribosomes

make proteins

• “food stands” of the cell

eukaryotes

• membrane bounds nucleus

• really big

ex": plant, animal, fungi cells

prokaryotes

• NO nucleus

• small

bacteria

three domains of life

1. bacteria (most diverse)

2. archea

3. eukarya (smalles # of species)

seven levels of taxonomic classificaiton

taxonomic names for species identification

genus, species

bacteria cell specialized feature

flagellum, cell wall

plant cell’s specialized feature

chloroplasts

microbial eukaryotes specialized feature

cell membrane, membrane bound nucleus

fungus cell specialized feature

chitin cell wall

animal cell specialized feature

lysosomes

why is bacteria most diverse domain

• most species since

• can specialize to live almost anywhere on Earth

  • from inside the human body to deep underwater.

why is eukarya most morphologically diverse

because it has both plant cell and animal cell organisms

ectotherm

most body heat comes from outside

endotherm

body heat from inside

• costly

homeotherm

• small thermal range

• body temp does not fluctuate much (like us)

heterotherm

• broad/large thermal range

• fluctuates a lot

central dogma

flow of genetic info

DNA → RNA → protein (drive expression/traits)

start codon

initiator sequence for a gene

stop codon

end of gene

exons

parts of genes that are directly related to proteins

• “EXpressed as proteins”

introns

parts of genes cut out before translation

transposons

“nosy neighbor”

• chunks of DNA able to copy/paste themselves into different spots in genome

phosphate buffered saline

keeps cheek cells isotonic

buffer AL

has detergent that aids in cell disruption

• solubilize hydrophobic compounds

proteinase K

enzyme that aids in cell/membrane disruption/lysis

• digests proteins

buffer AW1

DNA remains precipitated and in filter in spin column

• washes away remaining pro, carb, lipids, salts

buffer AW2

washes away even more proteins, carb, lipids, salts

• DNA remains precipitated in filter of spin column

AE buffer

DNA sample will precipitate back into solution (bc no ethanol)

steps of PCR

1. denaturing - stranded DNA →2 strands

2. Annealing - primers bATTACH beginning and end of target DNA

3. Extension - DNA polymerase EXTENDSto the 3’ end of primers along template strand

what happens because negative electrode and negatively charged DNA?

repels to positive electrode

Hardy Weinburg Equilbrium

• population’s allele and genotype frequencies r constant UNLESS evolutionaly force acts upon them

• no evolution occuring

allele equation

p + q =1

genotype euqation

p² + 2pq + q² =1

hardy weinburg assumptions

• no mutation

• random mating

• large population

• no natural selection

• no migration

chloroplast

organelle where photosynthesis occurs

chlorophyll

photosynthetic pigment in chloroplasts

photosynthesis equation

water + co2 + sunlight → o2 + glucose