psych quiz 3/31

Displacement

A defense mechanism where an individual shifts emotional responses from the true object to a safer substitute.

Regression

A defense mechanism in which an individual reverts to behaviors characteristic of an earlier stage of development.

Rationalization

A defense mechanism involving the justification of behaviors or feelings with logical reasons, avoiding the true reasons.

EGO, ID, SUPEREGO

Freudian concepts describing the three parts of the human psyche: ID (instinctual drives), EGO (reality mediator), and SUPEREGO (moral conscience).

Projective Tests

Psychological tests that use ambiguous stimuli to evoke responses that are believed to reveal unconscious desires and feelings.

Criticisms of Projective Tests

Concerns about the validity and reliability of projective tests in accurately measuring personality.

Psychoanalysis

A therapeutic approach focusing on the unconscious mind and its influence on behavior, developed by Sigmund Freud.

Self-Actualizing Tendency

The inherent drive to realize one's full potential and develop individual capabilities.

Self Efficacy

A belief in one's own ability to succeed in specific situations or accomplish a task, proposed by Albert Bandura.

Big Five Traits (Five Factor Model)

A model describing personality in terms of five key traits: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism.

Personality Inventories

Standardized questionnaires designed to measure various aspects of personality.

Criticisms of Personality Inventories

Concerns regarding the oversimplification of personality and cultural bias in personality assessments.

Reciprocal Determinism

Bandura's concept that personal factors, behavior, and environmental influences interact to shape behavior.

Drive Reduction Theory

The theory that motivation arises from biological needs that must be satisfied to reduce internal tension.

Yerkes-Dodson Law

The principle that performance increases with arousal up to a certain point, after which performance decreases.

Incentive Theory

The theory that behavior is motivated by external rewards or incentives.

Intrinsic Motivation

Engaging in behavior because it is personally rewarding, rather than for an external reward.

Extrinsic Motivation

Engaging in behavior to earn external rewards or avoid punishment.

Homeostasis

The body's tendency to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes.

Instinct

Innate, typically fixed patterns of behavior in response to stimuli.

Arousal Theory

The theory that individuals are motivated to maintain an optimal level of arousal.

Hunger and Hypothalamus

The hypothalamus is a brain region that regulates hunger and energy balance.

Ekman Studies of Expressive Emotion

Research by Paul Ekman demonstrating the universality of facial expressions across cultures.

Universal Emotion

Emotions that are recognized and expressed similarly across different cultures.

Display Rules

Cultural norms that dictate the appropriate expressions of emotions in social situations.