Ch.19 The History of The World (evolutionary mechanisms)

Big bang

Life emerged after all asteroids and volcanoes

Anaximander

First to write down that living things can change over time

Essentialism

Derived from plato and aristotle

Limited number of essences ad organisms

Aristotle was the first to categorize organisms by

Putting them on a scale of increasing complexity

Typological thinking

The idea that objects are classified by type where types are constant (which is incorrect, types are not constant)

Population thinking

The idea of recognizing unique individuals

Plato and Aristotles scald naturae views on science and biology occurred in which century?

17th-18th Century

Who created the system of biological names of genus and species

Carolus Linnaeus

What kind of species is this weird bird that is hard to fit into Linnaeus system?

Transition species

The idea of the Earths age being 6000 years old was theorized in which century?

18th century

Who calculated an incorrect date of Earths creation (Oct 23rd 4004 BC at 12pm)

Archbishop James Ussher

In order what was the historical timeline of darwins ideas

1. Linnaeus classification

2. Hulton gradual geologic change

3. Lamarck species change

4. Malthus population limits

5. Cuvier fossil extinction

6. Lyell modern geology

7. Darwin evolution

8. Mendel inheritance

9. Wallace evolution natural selection

Gradualism

Derived by James Hutton where;

Slow processes which are observable can eventually lead to planet changing effects

Uniformitarianism

Derived by charles lyell where;

Slow processes cause massive change occur at the same rate

Palaeontology

Studying different layers of rocks

Buffon

18th century fossil hunter 1st to sugguest biological evolution by pointing out similarity of humans and apes

Lamarack

18th century fossil hunter;

Applied gradualism proposing 1st mechanism of evolution And also compared fossils to living organisms

Charles Darwin spent a 5 year long abroad trip with captain….

Robert Fitzroy

Darwin spent 3/5 years of his trip on land to do what?

Collecting specimens for his research

Coral Atoll

A ring shaped island surrounded by a ring of coral reef

Endemic Species

Distinct species which only occurs in one place

Galapagos Islands

Islands which Darwin worked in where he studied adaptation of his finches

By the end of Charles Darwins trip he concluded that;

Gradualisms does exist

Alfred Russel Wallace

Young admirer of Darwin who came up with the same conclusion as him in regards to evolution.

What are Darwins main two ideas

1. Evolution explains unity and diversity

2. Natural selection is a cause of adaptive evolution

Unity in life

All organisms derive from an ancestor species

Tree of life concept

Branch types of organisms together, all of which come from a universal ancestor

Ernest Mayr

Defined species concept and dissected Darwins concepts into influences and observations

Ernyst Mayrs first observation

Members of a population vary in their inherited traits

Ernest Mayr’s second observation

All species can produce more offspring than their environment can support

Ernest Mayr’s first influece

Individuals whose heritable traits give them a higher probability of surviving and reproducing are likely to leave more offspring than other individuals

Ernest Mayr’s second influence

“Survival of the fittest” or an organisms ability to reproduce and have offspring that can successfully reproduce

Artificial selection

Humans modified other species over many generations by selected breeding

ex) agriculture

Testable Prediction over 150 years had 4 Types of Evidence which are?

Direct observation of evolution

Homology

The fossil record

Biogeography

Antibiotic resistance is an example of?

Bacterial evolution and adaptation over fast generations

Homology

Similarity due to common ancestry

Anology

Similarity without common ancestry but through similar environment

Homologous structures

Evolution can remodel existing structures for different functions

Comparative anatomy

Anatomical similarity of species within a taxonomic category show evidence of common descent

Analogous structures

Structures which do not reflect common ancestry but instead convergent evolution

Darwin thinking predicts that

Evolutionary transitions should be evident in fossils

Biogeography

Species geographical together share a common ancestor

Why is darwins theory of evolution considered a theory???

Because scientific theories are backed up by evidence and many ideas altogether