comparative female repro

 Describe the position and form of the reproductive organs in relation to other pelvic structures.  Describe the anatomy and histology of the female reproductive tract and its ligaments.  Describe the structure and function of the oviduct and its secretions.  Describe the structure and function of the uterus.  Describe the structure and function of the cervix and its secretions.  Describe the structure and function of the vagina and its secretions.  Recognise sections of mammalian ovary in different reproductive states

theriology, veterinary gynaecology, obstetrics, adnrology

Theriogenology: Study of genesis of beasts or animals.

Veterinary Gynaecology: Physiopathology of female reproduction related to animals.

Veterinary Obstetrics: Study of normal physiology and disease condition during late pregnancy around parturition and shortly after parturition and care & management of dam and young one.

Veterinary Andrology: Study of physiopathology of male reproduction including Artificial Insemination

which organs are relatedto female repro

• hypothalamus

• pituitary

• breast

• vagina

• vulva

• uterus

• placenta

• uterinetube

• ovary

what can cause differences

• species

• age

• stage os oestrus

• time of year for seasonal breeders

• pregancncy

intercornual ligament

• located between the 2 uterine horns

• can use fingers to retract for a rectal palpation

where are the ovaries

• in the abdomen

• relative to the kidneys

• relatively to the iliac wings

• which vertebra

• relative to the lateral body wall

• lie bilaterally in the dorsal part of the abdomen

• caudoventral to the kidneys

• cranioventral to the iliac wings

• approx level of the 5th lumbar vertebra

• adjacent to lateral body wall

where are the ovaries in a mare

• which body cavities

• relative to which third of the ipsilateral ileal shaft and which region

• left relative to right ovary

• over half of repro tract located in abdominal cavity, remainder in the pelvic cavity

• often located 5-10cm directly cranial to the upper third of the ipsilateral ileal shaft in the sublumbar region

• left ovary is normally situated 2-3cm futher caudal than the right

ovary in a sow and bitch

• relative to kidney

• relative to the last rib

• caudal to the caudal pole of the associated kidney

• several cm caudal to the last rib

what happens to the uterus during pregnancy in cows

• uterus lies on the ventral body wall

• in the cow the uterus is displaced to the right by the rumen

what are the main attachments of the reproductive tract

• broad ligament (bilateral sheets anchoring organs to abdominal roof and pelvic wall)

• mesometrum

• mesosalphinx

• mesovarian

• round ligament (lateral fold)

other ligaments

• inter-cornual ligament (uterine horns)

• suspensory ligament- peritoneal fold attaches ovary to abdominal wall adjacent to the last rib

what is the ovarian bursa

• and differences between mare and bitch

a fold of peritoneum which covers/hides ovary

mare- shallow and large opening

bitch- small and deep opening

vasculature

• ovarian vein

• uterine vein

• vaginal vein

• uterine branch of the ovarian artery

• ovarian artery (off aorta)

• uterine artery (off internal iliac, in mares external)

• vaginal artery (internal iliac)

blood supply to the ovary

• ovary

• ovarian veins

• uterine branch of the ovarian artery

• uterine veins

• ovarian artery, branch of aorta in dogs

• utero ovarian veins

what is the ovarian artery in close contact with and why is this important

• utero ovarian vein

• transfer of PGF2 alpha from uterus to ovary for luteolysis

what is a common cause of acute death following parturition in mare

• rupture of uterine artry

• peripartureint arterial ruptulre

where do the lymph of the repro tract drain

• aortic and sacral iliac lymph nodes

• may become enlarged if tract infected but difficult to palpate

innervation

• ovaries

• vulva

• motor and autonomic (PS and S)

• ovary PS from vagus and Syp from inter mesenteric and caudal mesenteric plexus)

• motor neurones supply the vulva

• disruption has little apparent effect on reproduction

function of the ovary

1. Produce female gametes (ovum=singular, ova=plural; NB. Oocyte = immature ovum)

HOW: Oogenesis and Folliculogeneis

2. Hormone production (main: oestrogen and progesterone; also oxytocin, inhibin, activin)

HOW: Follicles and corpora lutea

structure of the ovary

• 3 layers

• what do they contain

GERMINAL EPITHELIUM TUNICA ALBUGINEA- thin connective tissue capsule underlying germinal epithelium

CORTEX- surrounds the medulla and contains maturing follicles

MEDULLA- central connective tissue containing vascular supply and nervous innervation

cow

• almond shaped (like buffalo, ewe, doe)

• sow

• like bitch and queen

• cluster of grapes shaped

function of ovary

• oogenesis

• secrete hormones like oestrogen, progesterone, oxytocin and relaxin

feature of mare ovaries

• have a reversed structure

• cortex inside and medulla outside

• therefore their ovulation is internal in a specific place called ovulation fossa

• mare

classification of uterus

• advanced duplex- opossum

• duplex- rabbit mouse

• bicornuate- pig bitch

• bicronute- cow ewe doe

• bicornuate- mare

• smplex- human

advanced duplex

• opossum

• 2 uterine horns

• 2 cervice

• 2 vaginas

duplex

• rabbit mouse

• 2 uterine horns

• 2 cervices

• 1 vagina

bicornuate

• pig

• 2 long uterine horns

• common uterine body

• one cervx

• one vagina

bicornuate

smaller uterine horns

cow ewe doe

bicornuate in mares

larger uterine body with smaller uterine horns

simplex

human

no uterine horn, all uterine body

ovuduct

cervix in cow ewe mare sow

Cow, ewe - cervix has annular rings, ewe has more obstacles

Mare- longitudinal folds

Sow- interdigitating prominences, no fornix

vagina epithelium

• what type of epithelium in anterior and posterior

columnar epithelium in anterio

stratified squamous epithelium in posterior

feature of the ventral commissure of the vulva in mare

it is rounded

where does ovulation occur in the reversed cortex and medulla of a mare

the ovulation fossa

layers of the uterine wall

• perimetrium (serosal layer)

• myometrium (inner circular and outer longitudinal)

• endometrium: produces PGF2 alpha, contains tubular glands, mucosa and submucosa, mucosa has simple columnar epithelium

draining of the ovarian vein

• right

• left

Ovarian Vein: The right ovarian vein drains into the caudal vena cava, while the left ovarian vein drains into the left renal vein.

draining of the uterine vein

Drains into the internal iliac veins, often via a uterine branch of the ovarian vein or uterine branches of the vaginal vein. Blood from the vagina drains into the internal iliac vein.

what is the ileal shaft

the body of the ileum