2nd movements⭐️

What was the original role of second movements in early symphonies?

To provide contrast and relief from the outer movements.

How does the role of second movements change over time?

They develop into the emotional core of the symphony.

What are the typical features of early second movements?

Short, simple, usually homophonic textures.

How do second movements evolve by the Romantic period?

Become more structurally diverse, expressive, and use expanded orchestration.

What are common structural features of early symphonic second movements?

Binary or rounded binary forms; simple and short.

What keys are typically used in early second movements?

Related keys, especially the subdominant.

What is the general style of early second movements?

Light, lyrical, and not structurally complex.

What form is used in Stamitz's second movement from Op. 3 No. 2?

Binary form.

What key is Stamitz's second movement in?

G major (subdominant).

What is notable about texture in Stamitz's second movement?

Independent woodwind lines with string accompaniment.

What form is used in C.P.E. Bach's second movement of Symphony in E minor Wq.178?

Ternary form.

What is the function of C.P.E. Bach's second movement within the symphony?

Acts as a short bridge between movements.

What is notable about transitions in C.P.E. Bach's second movement?

Movements segue smoothly into each other.

What is unusual about orchestration in Haydn's second movement of Symphony No. 2?

No wind instruments are used.

What key is Haydn's second movement in?

G (dominant).

What is distinctive about the violin writing in Haydn's second movement?

Continuous semiquavers with frequent rests (perpetual motion effect).

How do second movements develop in the Classical period?

Expanded orchestration and more refined, expressive writing while remaining balanced.

What is notable about the scale of Haydn's second movement from Symphony No. 31?

Quite expansive.

What is distinctive about the texture in Haydn's second movement from Symphony No. 31?

Pizzicato accompaniment.

What is notable about instrumental writing in Haydn's second movement from Symphony No. 31?

Highly decorated, high-register parts for violin and cello.

What form is used in Mozart's second movement from Symphony No. 40?

Sonata form.

What harmonic feature adds intensity in Mozart's second movement?

Rich chromatic harmonies.

What is characteristic of the melodic writing in Mozart's second movement?

Expressive melodies with quaver 'fluttering' figures.

What key is Haydn's second movement from Symphony No. 104 in?

G major (subdominant).

What form is used in Haydn's second movement from Symphony No. 104?

Ternary form with variation elements.

What is notable about contrast in Haydn's second movement from Symphony No. 104?

Lyrical oboe melody interrupted by dramatic, loud string outbursts.

How does Beethoven transform second movements in symphonies?

Makes them the emotional heart, more complex, spacious, and structurally significant.

What form is used in Beethoven's second movement from Symphony No. 3 'Eroica'?

Slow variation movement.

What is notable about scale in Beethoven's second movement from Symphony No. 3 'Eroica'?

Very extensive and expansive.

What is notable about the ending of Beethoven's second movement from Symphony No. 3 'Eroica'?

Includes a brief coda in the major key.

What key is Beethoven's second movement from Symphony No. 5 in?

A♭ major (subdominant of the relative major).

What form is used in Beethoven's second movement from Symphony No. 5?

Double variation form.

What is notable about structure in Beethoven's second movement from Symphony No. 5?

Includes a long coda.

What form is used in Beethoven's second movement from Symphony No. 6 'Pastoral'?

Sonata form.

What key is Beethoven's second movement from Symphony No. 6 'Pastoral'?

B♭ major (subdominant).

What is distinctive about texture in Beethoven's second movement from Symphony No. 6 'Pastoral'?

Flowing string polyphony suggesting water.

What form is used in Mendelssohn's second movement from Symphony No. 4?

Sonata form.

What expressive features define Mendelssohn's second movement?

Programmatic elements and emotional reflection.

What is notable about orchestration in Mendelssohn's second movement?

Reduced orchestration.

What does Mendelssohn's second movement depict?

Likely a religious procession inspired by Naples, based on a pilgrim song.

What are general features of second movements in late Romantic symphonies?

More expressive, flexible structure, rich orchestration, individualised, breaking conventions.

What dance form influences Berlioz's second movement from Symphonie fantastique?

Waltz in triple time.

What is notable about orchestration in Berlioz's second movement?

Includes two harps.

How is thematic material used in Berlioz's second movement?

Waltz derived from the idée fixe.

What key is Liszt's second movement from Eine Faust Symphony in?

A major.

What is distinctive about thematic writing in Liszt's second movement?

Dialogue between clarinet and violins.

What does Liszt's second movement represent?

Gretchen’s innocence ('he loves me, he loves me not').

How does Liszt's Les Préludes challenge the idea of a traditional second movement?

It is a single continuous movement.

What is the key feature of Dvořák's second movement from Symphony No. 9 'New World'?

Famous cor anglais melody.

What is notable about melody in Dvořák's second movement?

Pentatonic/modal style (G minor → B♭ major).

What happens in the middle section of Dvořák's second movement?

It becomes more lively.

What is unusual about second movements in Mahler's Symphony No. 2?

There are two slow movements (2nd and 4th).

What is their function in Mahler's Symphony No. 2?

Provide relief from the surrounding dramatic movements.

What overall changes occur in second movements by 1900?

Increased emotional depth, greater variety, become both emotional and structural core of the symphony.