Urinary system, female and male reproductive and endocrine system slides (description)

13a) glandula suprarenalis - azan

Outer Capsule - thin CT

Cortex (3 Zones):

1. Zona Glomerulosa (Outer):

   • closely packed columnar/pyramid cells (aldosterone and other mineralocorticoids).

2. Zona Fasciculata (Middle):

   • Large cells in columns/cords (cortisol and other glucocorticoids).

3. Zona Reticularis (Inner):

   • cells with acidophilic cytoplasm, in cords or clumps

   • secrete androgens

Medulla:

• Chromaffin cells (secrete epinephrine/norepinephrine).

• Large, pale-staining cells with granular cytoplasm.

• supported by reticular fibres

• medullary vessels (large veins drain organ)

Glomerulosa - SALT (androgens)

Fasciculata - SUGAR (cortisol)

Reticularis - SEX (androgens)

Thyroid gland - Azan

Made up of a stroma and a parenchyma. Stores its hormones.

Stroma- divided into lobes and lobules

Parenchyma - consists of:

• follicular or principal

• parafollicular or c cells

Stroma:

capsule - enclosed by a thin layer of CT (true and false)

trabeculae - CT extends inwards from the capsule to partially outline irregular lobes and lobules

Parenchyma:

• Secretory follicles constitute the functional units of the gland

• thyroid follicles - spherical follicles of varying size in which thyroid hormones are stored

• thyrocytes (follicular cells) - follicles are lined by simple cuboidal to columnar epithelium, depending on function

• thyrocytes secrete thyroid hormones when activated

• parafollicular cells —> secrete calcitonin

• colloid - the lumen of each follicle is filled with the gel-like mass called colloid

• Capillaries surround each follicle

Thyroid gland - HE

Made up of a stroma and a parenchyma. Stores its hormones.

Stroma- divided into lobes and lobules

Parenchyma - consists of:

• follicular or principal

• parafollicular or c cells

Stroma:

capsule - enclosed by a thin layer of CT (true and false)

trabeculae - CT extends inwards from the capsule to partially outline irregular lobes and lobules

Parenchyma:

• Secretory follicles constitute the functional units of the gland

• thyroid follicles - spherical follicles of varying size in which thyroid hormones are stored

• thyrocytes (follicular cells) - follicles are lined by simple cuboidal to columnar epithelium, depending on function

• thyrocytes secrete thyroid hormones when activated

• parafollicular cells —> secrete calcitonin

• colloid - the lumen of each follicle is filled with the gel-like mass called colloid

• Capillaries surround each follicle

39) Uterus (secretory phase) - HE

Uterine wall is composed of 3 layers:

1) Endometrium: specialized mucosa that undergoes marked changes during menstrual cycle

• functional layer: the upper 2/3 of the mucosa that develops

13) glandula suprarenalis - HE

Cortex (3 Zones):

1. Zona Glomerulosa (Outer):

   • Small, clustered cells (mineralocorticoids → aldosterone).

2. Zona Fasciculata (Middle):

   • Large, lipid-rich cells in columns (glucocorticoids → cortisol).

3. Zona Reticularis (Inner):

   • Dark, compact cells in nets (androgens).

Medulla:

• Chromaffin cells (secrete epinephrine/norepinephrine).

• Large, pale-staining cells with granular cytoplasm.

• Central adrenomedullary vein (thin-walled, prominent).

• Medulla – Large blood vessels, Basophilic cells, well-developed granular endoplasmic reticulum, mth, vesicles - noradrenergic - dark, small, and adrenergic - large, light – produce adrenalin and noradrenaline

63) hypophysis/pituitary gland - HE

• The Adenohypophysis :

I. Chromophobic cells - grayish in

color - about 50% of all cells do not contain

granules, weakly stained, undifferentiated -

they are considered to be precursors of

chromophilic cells

II. Chromophilic cells

1. Acidophilic cells - red in color

a. Somatotropin-producing cells – produce

growth hormone

b. Lactotropic (mammotropic) cells -

produce prolactin

2. Basophilic cells - blue and red colored

a. Thyrotropic cells – release thyroid stimulating hormone - thyrotropin

b. Gonadotropic cells - produce luteinizing

hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone

c. Corticotropin cells - release corticotropic

hormone

I. Acidophilic cells - red in color

1. Somatotropin-producing cells – produce growth hormone, ovoid shape, centrally located nucleus, well-developed Golgi apparatus, large dense vesicles.

2. Lactotropic (mammotropic) cells – produce prolactin, multiple secretory granulosum of irregular shape.

II. Basophilic cells - large cells with pale blue colored basophilic granules.

1. Thyrotropic cells - release thyroidstimulating hormone - thyrotropin, relatively large cells, small, light, irregularly shaped granules, located peripherally.

2. Gonadotropic cells - produce luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone, pleomorphic nuclei, well-developed Golgi apparatus, granular endoplasmic reticulum, secretory granules arranged like a rosary under the cell membrane, 200-400nm.

3. Corticotropic cells - release corticotropic hormone, polygonal shape, well-developed Golgi apparatus, granular endoplasmic reticulum, eccentric nucleus, large secretory granules, 400- 500 nm

Neurohypophysis:

• is built from nerve fibers and glial cells.

• They are separated in it the hormones of n. supraopticus et paraventriculris – the antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin

64) epiphysis/pineal gland - HE

Stroma - CT capsule gives septs, that divide the parenchyma

into lobes - lobuli

• Parenchyma - contains 2 main types of cells - pinealocytes and

astrocytes

• Pinealocytes have a cell body and 4-6 processions. There are

2 types of pinealocytes - type I and type II, and they are

classified according to different characteristics, including the

shape, presence or absence of folds of the nuclear membrane

and the structure of the cytoplasm.

• Type I - light pinealocytes - contain the neurotransmitter

serotonin, which is converted to melatonin, the main hormone

secreted by the pineal gland.

• Type II pinealocytes are known as dark pinealocytes because

they are more strongly stained and appear darker under a light microscope; contain melatonin in the dark

• In the interior of the lobes, corpora arenacea ("brain sand") -

calcium-containing formations - can be seen

47a) pancreas - PAF

Exocrine Pancreas:

• Serous Acini:

  • Pyramidal cells with basal nuclei and apical zymogen granules (digestive enzymes).

  • Centroacinar cells (pale-staining, part of intercalated ducts).

Endocrine Pancreas (Islets of Langerhans):

• α (Alpha) Cells:

  • located peripherally, acidophilic granules with a mesh core and a narrow light halo peripherally (secrete glucagon → PAF: red/pink).

• β (Beta) Cells:

  • basophilic granules with a dense core and a wide light halo peripherally, sometimes crystals with a rectangular shape (secrete insulin → PAF: blue/purple).

• D- somatostatin:

  • irregular shape, larger less

    dense granules without halo

• PP-

  • pancreatic polyleptide, polygonal shape,

    peripheral localization, small granules

• D1-

  • vasoactive intestinal peptide

• EC-

  • secretin, motilin, substance P

Type cells of GASTRO-ENTERO-PANCREATIC ENDOCRINE SYSTEM:

• G cells- gastrin, enkefalin; in duodenum and jejunum; stimulate secretion of pancreas, stomach and duodenum

• S cells –secretin; in duodenum jejunum; stimulate secretion of pepsinogen and bile

• I cells- cholecystokinin-pancreosymin; in duodenum and jejunum; stimulate secretion of bile, motility of bile bladder and concentration of enzymes from pancreas

• PP cells- pancreatic polypeptide; in duodenum and pancreas

• EC2 cells- motilitin and serotonin; in duodenum and jejunum • L cells- enteroglucagon; in small and large intestine

• D cells- somatostatin; in stomach, duodenum, jejunum, endocrine pancreas

• D1 cells- VIP, in all parts of gastrointestinal tract and endocrine pancreas

• K cells- stomach inhibitor peptide; in duodenum and jejunum

• M cells- neurotensin; in jejunum and ileum

16) testis - HE

Covered from outside by CT capsule – tunica albuginea gives

septi, which divide the gland into lobules

Lobulus consists of:

1. tubuli seminiferi contorti – made up of multilayered

spermatogenic epithelium lying on the basement membrane,

consisting of 2 types of cells:

- Sertoli cells –, tall, columnar cell with euchromatic

ovoid or triangular nucleus, supporting cells, Sertoli –to- Sertoli junctions form the blood-testicular barrier

- spermatogenic cells– in different phases of

development – spermatogonia (type A dark and pale),

spermatogonia type B, spermatocytes (primary and

secondary) spermatids, spermatozoa

In the interstitium - between the convoluted tubules, there are

groups of endocrine cells - Leydig's cells- large, polygonal with eosinophilic nucleus, lipid droplets in cytoplasma

Tubuli recti – covered with a single-layer cubic epithelium,

builds rete testis

16) testis - azan

Covered from outside by CT capsule – tunica albuginea gives

septi, which divide the gland into lobules

Lobulus consists of:

1. tubuli seminiferi contorti – made up of multilayered

spermatogenic epithelium lying on the basement membrane,

consisting of 2 types of cells:

- Sertoli cells –, tall, columnar cell with euchromatic

ovoid or triangular nucleus, supporting cells, Sertoli –to- Sertoli junctions form the blood-testicular barrier

- spermatogenic cells– in different phases of

development – spermatogonia (type A dark and pale),

spermatogonia type B, spermatocytes (primary and

secondary) spermatids, spermatozoa

In the interstitium - between the convoluted tubules, there are

groups of endocrine cells - Leydig's cells- large, polygonal with eosinophilic nucleus, lipid droplets in cytoplasma

Tubuli recti – covered with a single-layer cubic epithelium,

builds rete testis

66) prostata - HE

Capsula prostatica

Stroma mylolastica (substantia muscularis) –connective tissue and smooth muscle cells

Parenchyma – smooth muscle cells and substantia glandularis – 3 layers glands:

periurethral (central )zone – gl. urethales

transitional zone- submucous glands

peripheral zone –gl. prostaticae- branched tubular glands, covered by simple columnar epithelium

In the glands, corpora amylacea (amyloid bodies) made of calcified glycoproteins, are observed

67) penis - HE

• Fascia penis – СТ trabeculae

• Corpora cavernosa –

• Tunica albuginea corporum cavernosum – elastic and collagen fibers

• Corpus cavernosi - made up of dense CTtrabeculae also containing muscle fibers, cavities lined from endothelium

• Corpus spongiosum –

• Tunica albuginea corpori spongiosi – elastic and collagen fibers; thinner than the white coat of corpus cavernosum, but with more elastic fibers

• Cavernae corpus spongiosi – cavities lined from endothelium, cavities surrounded by CTtrabeculae

• Urethra masculina – -The initial part (up to the colliculus urethralis) is covered by a transitional epithelium of Henle -Spongy part – covered by a single-layer cylindrical epithelium -End part (in fossa navicularis) –stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium

74) ductus deferens - HE

I. Tunica mucosa – plicae

1. L. epithelialis

pseudostratified columnar

epithelium: columnar cells

with stereocilia and basal cell

2. L. propria – loose connective

tissue – thin

I. Tunica muscularis

• Str. Longitudinale internum

• Str. circulare

• Str. longitudinale externum

• Tunica adventitia – loose

connective tissue

69) tuba uterina - HE

I. Tunica mucosa – plicae tubae uterinae

• L. epithelialis – single cylindrical ciliated

epithelium (cylindrical cells with cilia,

non ciliated cell= Peg cell and

undifferentiated cells)

• L. propria mucosae – CT

II. Tunica muscularis – smooth muscle tissue

• Str. circulare

• Str. longitudinale

Str. longitudinale internum – in the uterine

part of the tube

III. Tunica serosa –

• -tela subserosa -CT

• -mesothelium

68) ovarium - HE

• Germinative epithelium – simple

cuboidal epithelium

• Tunica albuginea – dense

connective tissue,

• Stroma ovarii (interstitium ovarii)

– CT; contain endocrine cells

• Medulla – loose connective

tissue, large contorted blood vessels,

lymphatic vessels, nerves

• Cortex

• Follicles :

• folliculi primordiales –made up

of a first-order oocyte surrounded by a

layer of simple satellite (follicular) cells

• folliculi primarii- oocyte in

diplotene of first meiotic division

surrounded by 1 or several rows of cubic

follicle cells

• folliculus secundarius – oocyte

with pronounced zona pellucida; cavities

filled with follicular fluid appear between

the follicular cells; externally, the follicle

is surrounded by:

-Theca interna – thecal cells – produces

estrogens under the stimulation of FSH

and progesterone shortly before

ovulation

-Theca externa – loose connective tissue

68a) ovarium - azan

• Highlights connective tissue (blue):

  • • Germinative epithelium – simple

    cuboidal epithelium

    • Tunica albuginea – dense

    connective tissue,

    • Stroma ovarii (interstitium ovarii)

    – CT; contain endocrine cells

    • Medulla – loose connective

    tissue, large contorted blood vessels,

    lymphatic vessels, nerves

    • Cortex

    • Follicles :

    • folliculi primordiales –made up

    of a first-order oocyte surrounded by a

    layer of simple satellite (follicular) cells

    • folliculi primarii- oocyte in

    diplotene of first meiotic division

    surrounded by 1 or several rows of cubic

    follicle cells

    • folliculus secundarius – oocyte

    with pronounced zona pellucida; cavities

    filled with follicular fluid appear between

    the follicular cells; externally, the follicle

    is surrounded by:

    -Theca interna – thecal cells – produces

    estrogens under the stimulation of FSH

    and progesterone shortly before

    ovulation

    -Theca externa – loose connective tissue

39) uterus (proliferative phase) - HE

I. Tunica mucosa = endometrium: pars basalis and pars

functionalis

• L. epithelialis – simple columnar epithelium

• L. propria – CT, (gll. uterinae)

• menstrual cycle (28 days)

Proliferative phase - 6th to 14th day - regulated by ovarian

estrogens - regeneration of the mucous membrane from the

glands in the basal layer, formation of simple tubular glands

II. Tunica muscularis = myometrium

The myometrium is the middle (thickest) layer of the uterine

wall. It consists of tightly packed smooth muscle cells (uterine

myocytes), as well as stroma, blood and lymphatic vessels,

nerves.

III. Tunica serosa = perimetrium

• Tela subserosa

• Mesothelium

70) vagina - HE

I.Tunica mucosa

• L. epithelialis – stratified

squamous nonkeratinized

• L. propria – thick CT layer

containing blood vessels,

lymph follicles - no glands

II. Tunica muscularis – smooth

muscle tissue

• Str. circulare

• Str. longitudinale

• Tunica adventitia – CT

62) glandula mammaria - HE

• The non-lactating

mammary gland is made up

of 2 main components:

• Stroma - CT rich in fat cells

located around a loose

network of dense CT -

Cooper's ligaments.

• The parenchyma is

represented by groups of

milk ducts (ductuli lactiferi).

62) glandula mammaria (lac) - HE

• The mammary gland is composed of 15-25

secretory lobules surrounded by fatty tissue

The lobules are made up of tubuloacinous

glands. The stroma is made up of lipocytes

surrounded by a loose network of dense CT

(Cooper's junctions)

• The parenchyma is represented by acini

grouped in lobules. These are small pear-shaped glands known as terminal ductal

lobular units (TDLUs), in which milk is

secreted under the influence of prolactin.

They are covered with a single-cylindrical

epithelium lying on a basement membrane,

under which stellate-shaped myoepithelial

cells are located.

• Intralobular ducts, interlobular ducts, sinus

lactiferus, ductus lactiferus. The epithelium

of the ducts, except for the ductus

lactiferus, is a single cuboidal or low cylindrical epithelium and surrounded by

myoepithelial cells. Ductuli lactiferi –

stratified squamous nonkeratinized

epithelium.

20) vesica urinaria (urinary bladder) - HE

Mucosa:

• Transitional Epithelium (Urothelium):

  • Dome-shaped superficial cells (umbrella cells) – stretchable.

  • Stratified layers: Basal (cuboidal), intermediate (polygonal), superficial (large, rounded).

• Lamina Propria: Loose connective tissue (no glands).

Muscularis (Detrusor Muscle):

• Three indistinct smooth muscle layers:

  • Inner longitudinal, middle circular, outer longitudinal.

• Thick, interwoven bundles (allows expansion).

Adventitia/Serosa:

• Adventitia: Fibrous CT (posterior/inferior surfaces).

• Serosa: Mesothelium-covered CT (superior surfaces).

11) Ren - HE

Fascia renalis

Capsula adiposa

1.Capsula fibrosa – connective tissue

2. Cortex:

• Malpighian corpuscles (corpusculum renale):

• glomeruli – capillary loops

• capsula glomeruli – 2 layers:

- lamina visceralis – podocytes

- lamina parietalis – simple squamous epithelium

• tubulus contortus proximale (proximal

convoluted tubules)– narrow lumen; covered

with conical cells with microvilli on the apical surface and basal

invaginations on the basal surface

• tubulus rectus proximale

• tubulus contortus distale (distal convoluted

tubules )– wide lumen, made up of cubic cells with significantly

less folds

• tubulus rectus distale

• tubulus renalis arcuatus (convoluted collecting duct)

3. Medulla:

• ansa Henle

-pars decdendens (thin part) – single low-cubic epithelium

- pars ascendens (thick part) – single cubic epithelium

• tubuli colligens recti– single columnar epithelium

Ureter - HE

1. Layers & Key Features:

• Mucosa:

  • Transitional epithelium (urothelium) – Dome-shaped cells with surface umbrella cells.

  • Lamina propria – Loose connective tissue (pale pink).

• Muscularis:

  • Inner longitudinal + outer circular smooth muscle (bright pink).

  • Lower ureter adds a third outer longitudinal layer.

• Adventitia:

  • Dense irregular connective tissue with vessels/nerves.