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battle of Manzikert

the Seljuqs attack and defeat ofByzantine forces via Anatolia.

Bogomils

Bulgarian group active in the l0th and 11th centuries that believed in rejecting the material world and extreme asceticism.

 Capetian

Early French dynasty that started with Hugh Capet. Relying on relationships between lords and retainers, they absorbed territories of retainers who died without heirs and established the right to administer justice throughout the realm. Gradually centralized power and authority over france

Cathars

Medieval heretics, also known as the Albigensians, who considered the material world evil; their followers renounced wealth and marriage and promoted an ascetic existence.

cathedral schools

 schools  that established formal curricula based on writings in Latin, the official language of the Roman Catholic church. Focused on liberal arts and students read the bible and writings of the church fathers

chivalry

European medieval code of conduct for knights based on loyalty and honor.

crusades

the huge expeditions that Roman Catholic Christians mounted in an effort to recapture Palestine, the land of Christian origins, and the holy city of Jerusalem from Muslim authorities.

Dominicans

An order of mendicants founded by St. Dominic (1170- 1221 c.E.) whose purpose was to live in poverty and serve the religious needs of their communities.

Eleanor of Aquitaine

Aristocratic woman from the city of Poitiers, modern France, who supported poets and entertainers known as troubadours

 Franciscans

 An order of mendicants founded by St. Francis (1182-1226 C.E.) whose pur- pose was to live in poverty and serve the religious needs of their communities.

Frederick Barbarossa

Medieval emperor with lands in modern southern Germany who tried and failed to conquer Lombardy in modern Italy. “The red beard”

guilds

Merchants and workers in all the arts, crafts, and trades organized ___ that regulated the production and sale of goods within their jurisdictions.

Hanseatic League

 the well developed trade network of the Baltic Sea and North Sea. an association of trading cities stretching from Novgorod to London embracing all the significant commercial centers of Poland, N Germany, and Scandinavia. Dominated in grain, fish, lumber, fur, timber, and pitch

Holy Roman Empire

 formed by the german princes, the revival of the earlier roman empire 

Investiture Contest

One aspect of the medieval European church- versus-state controversy, the granting of church offices by a lay leader. Ordered by Pope Gregory VII 

Marco Polo

Italian merchant, son of Niccolo,  whose account of his travels to China and other lands became legendary.

Polo brothers

Niccolo and Maffeo, two brothers who traveled from their native Venice to Constantinople. They were jewel merchants who decided to pursue opportunities farther east. They went farther east and joined the embassy of Khubilai Khan and met the Mongol court. they brought a request back to the pope to send theologians to spread christianity. 

Normans

founders of the English monarchy. Dukes who pursued their own interest and built a tightly centralized state in which all authority stemmed from the dukes themselves and they retained the title to all land. built a series of castles from which disciplined armies dominated their territories.

Otto I

particularly aggressive duke from Saxony who established himself as King of northern germany following the decline of the carolingian dynasty. He campaigned east of the Elbe river in lands populated by Slavic peoples and twice went to Italy to protect the church. Pope John XII proclaimed him emperor of the HRE

 Pope Urban II

launched the crusades in 1095. Spoke at the Council of Clermont and warned church leaders that Muslim Turks were threatening the eastern borders of Christendom. urged European princes to stabilize Christendom's borders and then go further to recapture Jerusalem and restore Christian rule to the holy land. "God wills it!"

relics

physical remains of saints or religious figures assembled by churches for veneration.

 reconquista

Crusade, ending in 1492, to drive the Islamic forces out of Spain.

 Saladin

Muslim leader and crusader who recaptured Jerusalem from the Christians in 1187.

scholasticism

Medieval attempt of thinkers such as St. Thomas Aquinas to merge the beliefs of Christianity with the logical rigor of Greek philosophy.

Sacraments

holy rituals that bring spiritual blessings on observants. 7.  

 St. Thomas Aquinas

The most famous scholastic theologians who spent most of his career teaching at the University of Paris. Believed that Aristotle had understood and explained the workings of the world better than any thinker of the era. Thought his theories were complementary of Christianity

Sultan Mehmed II

Ottoman Turks 21 y/o ruler who captured Constantinople and absorbed Byzantium’s last remaining territories into their expanding realm 

three estates

the three classes of European society, composed of the clergy (the first), the aristocrats (the second), and the common people (the third)."those who pray, those who fight, and those who work." 

theme system

  when a general assumed responsibility for both its military defense and its civil administration. soldiers were mustered out of the army and they received their allotments of land and created a very large and prosperous class of free peasants who cultivated land intensely to increase family wealth. Greatly benefited the Byzantine empire. 

troubadours

A class of traveling poets and entertainers enthusiastically patronized by Medieval aristocratic women in modern southern France and northern Italy.

 William the Conqueror

Duke of Normandy who invaded England which was ruled by the Angles descendants, the Saxons, and other Germanic migrants. Had a speedy military victory and gained his title