india

Civilizations: India

Period 1: Post-Classical Era (1200 CE-1450 CE)

Turkic invaders – Delhi Sultanate (1206 CE) establish the first Muslim kingdom and empire in northern India

Delhi Sultanate forcibly maintains control of most of India for 3 centuries, clashing heavily with the Hindu Indian majority, destroying temples and shrines, and persecuting Hindu people

Delhi Sultanate suffered from disunion, Hindu opposition to Islam and Delhi Sultanate rule, and harsh, over-taxation of Indian subjects

Delhi Sultanate later chased out and replaced by invading Turkic and Mongol forces called the Mughals (Persian for Mongols), and Mughal Empire begins to control India

Trade flourishes in India, as spices and textiles are traded for goods in the Muslim-dominated but open-trade IOTN

Indian spice trade and cotton textiles popular in world, particularly Europe

Period 2: Early Modern Era (1450 CE-1750 CE)

Sikhism and Guru Nanak started in the Punjab region of India, blending Hindu and Islamic beliefs

Mughal Empire established after the Muslim Turkic and Mongol pastoralists invade from Central Asia and Persia, establishing and controlling a unified empire in India

Zamindars established to collect taxes and administer central policies by the Mughal Empire, thus improving loyalty and solidifying Mughal power

Portuguese establish trade and connection with Europe, also setting up trade-post empires, but having no impact on the Empire other than controlling sea trade and taking some ports

British, French, and Dutch follow and establish and control trade ports as the Portuguese had; Mughal India still completely controlled empire (other than ports and sea trade)

British East India Company removed French and Portuguese after the Seven Years War and began its gradual conquest and incorporation of zamindars in the 1760s

Manufactured goods and textiles from India still considered among the highest quality, and India and China continue to lead world manufacturing

Period 3: Modern Era (1750 CE-1900 CE)

British East India Company removes French and Portuguese and begins its mercenary army conquest and negotiating with zamindars to control all of India by the 19th century

Indian Rebellion against the British East India Company in 1857 almost overthrows British control

Economic imperialism in India as British goods and trade forced upon India, and outgoing trade and domestic industry controlled in favor of the British

British Raj officially takes control of India in 1857 and eliminates the caste system

Indians migrate and education throughout the British Empire (South and East Africa, Britain, and Australia)

Indian National Congress formed to legally and peaceful oppose British rule and move for eventual Indian independence

India loses place as top manufacture producer to Europe after the 19th-century industrial revolutions

Period 4: Contemporary Era (1900 CE - Present)

Gandhi and Indian National Congress (INC) move for peaceful independence, then interrupted by WWII and threat of Japan / Germany

Mass civil disobedience and protest adopted for peaceful independence under Gandhi and INC

Jinnah and All-Indian Muslim League form and move for separate Muslim state (Pakistan)

British Partition of India in 1949: India, Pakistan, and East Pakistan (later Bangladesh)

Sikhs caught in between, persecuted and killed in Great Migration of Hindu to India and Muslims to Pakistan (no state for Punjab Sikh)

Millions of Indians emigrate to British and former British territories in South Africa, East Africa, the Caribbean, the UK and the US after WWII

India joins the Non-Alignment Movement, refusing to join or oppose the First or Second world blocs

India classified as a developing country, keeping close ties and emigration to Britain and the US

Growing economy with lower per capita income and high levels of pollution

Indira Gandhi presided over three Five-Year Plans as Prime Minister