Skull-Facial Bones

30 degree caudad to OML or 37 degree to IOML

CR of AP axial (Towne method)

2 1/2”

CR of AP axial (Towne method):

______ above glabella

AP axial

Dorsum sellae projected within foramen magnum

2” superior to EAM

CR of right lateral skull

PA 15 degree (Caldwell)

Petrous ridges over lower 1/3 of orbits

Caudad exit at nasion

CR of PA 15 degree cranium (Caldwell)

Exit at glabella

CR of PA cranium

PA cranium

Petrous ridges over supraorbital margin

SMV projection

CR perpendicular to IOML and IR

1 ½” inferior to mandibulae symphysis

CR of SMV projection

SMv projection

Mandibalur condyles anterior to petrous pyramids

Haas method

What is the method of PA Axial cranium?

25 degree cephalad

CR angulation for PA axial (Haas Method)

Exit 1 1/2 “ superior to nasion

CR of PA axial (Haas Method)

Perpendicular, centered to zygoma

CR of lateral facial bones

Perpendicular to IR. To exit at acanthion

CR of Parietoacanthial proj. (Waters)

Horizontal CR, 37 degree OML and IR

CR of Erect Parietoacanthial

OML perpendicular to IR

CR of PA Axial (Caldwell)

15 degree caudad, exits nasion

CR angulation for PA Axial (Caldwell)

Modified Parietoacanthial (Modified Waters)

Ideal projection to demonstrate possible orbital fx and foreign bodies in the eyes

Perpendicular, exits at acanthion

CR of Modified Parietoacanthial (Modified Waters)

CR perpendicular, centered to 1/2 “ inferior to nasion

CR of Lateral Nasal Bones

Superoinferior Tangential Axial

Demonstrates possible medial-lateral displacement

CR parallel to GAR

CR of Superoinferior Tangential Axial Nasal Bone

CR perpendicular to IOML

CR of SMV zygomatic arch projection

CR perpendicular to IR and IOML

CR of Oblique Inferosuperior Tangential zygomatic arch

1” superior to glabella (to pass through mid arches)

CR of AP axial (Modified Towne) zygomatic arch

30 degree to OML or 37 degree to IOML

CR angulation of AP axial (Modified Towne) zygomatic arch

Perpendicular to downside orbit

CR of Parietoorbital Oblique Proj. (Rhese method)

MSP 53 degree to IR, AML perpendicular to IR

CR angulation of Parietoorbital Oblique Proj. (Rhese method)

Rhese method

Optic foramen in lower outer quadrant

CR perpendicular, to exit at lips

CR of PA Mandible

20-25 degree cephalad

Angulation for PA Axial Mandible

Centered to glabella, OML perpendicular to IR

CR of AP Axial Mandible

35 degree OML, 42 degree IOML caudad

CR angulation for AP axial mandible

AP axial mandible

Condyloid processes demonstrated and symmetric

CR perpendicular to IOML, midway between mandibulae angles

CR of SMV Mandible

Panorex

Entire mandible and all teeth demonstrated

35 degree caudad

CR angulation for AP axial (Modified Towne) TMJ

CR level of TMJ (2” anterior to EAM)

CR for AP axial (Modified Towne) TMJ

1 1/2” superior to upside EAM

CR for Axiolateral Oblique (Modified Law Method)

15 degree caudad

CR angulation for Axiolateral Oblique (Modified Law Method)

15 degree toward IR

For Axiolateral Oblique (Modified Law Method), the skull is rotated _______

Axiolateral Oblique

TMJ closest to IR demonstrated

Enters 1/2” anterior and 2” superior to upside EAM

CR for Axiolateral TMJ (Schuller Method)

25-30 degree caudad

CR angulation for Axiolateral TMJ (Schuller Method)

Midway between outer canthus and EAM

CR for Lateral Sinus

Horizontal CR, CR exits nasion

CR for PA Caldwell Sinuses

PA (Caldwell) Sinuses

Frontal and ethmoid sinuses demonstrated

Horizontal CR, between angles of mandible

CR for SMV sinuses

Exit at acanthion, MML perpendicular to IR

CR for PA Transoral (Waters)