Nervous System and Muscular System Comprehensive Quiz Review

Flashcards for key concepts from the nervous and muscular systems covering main terms, their definitions, and functionalities.

Neuron

Functional units of the nervous system responsible for transmitting electrical impulses.

Neuroglia

Supporting cells that protect, insulate, and nourish neurons.

Astrocytes

Cells that maintain blood-brain barrier and regulate nutrient exchange.

Oligodendrocytes

Cells that form myelin sheaths in the CNS.

Schwann cells

Cells that form myelin in the PNS.

Microglia

Phagocytes that remove waste and pathogens in the nervous system.

Dendrites

Extensions of a neuron that receive incoming impulses.

Axon

The part of a neuron that conducts impulses away from the cell body.

Synapse

The junction between two neurons where neurotransmitters are released.

Myelin sheath

increases the speed of impulse transmission.

Nodes of Ranvier

Gaps in the myelin sheath that allow for saltatory conduction.

Endoneurium

The connective tissue that surrounds each nerve fiber.

Perineurium

Encloses a fascicle or bundles

Epineurium

The outermost covering of a nerve.

Reflex Arc:

Receptor

Sensory neuron

Interneuron

Motor neuron

Effector

Dura mater

The outer layer .

Arachnoid mater

The middle layer

Pia mater

The inner layer

Gray matter

The butterfly-shaped region of the spinal cord containing neuronal cell bodies.

White matter

Myelinated axons that surround gray matter in the nervous system.

Cauda equina

Nerve bundle below L1

Lumbar plexus

Gives rise to femoral nerve

Frontal lobe

responsible for decision-making and motor control.

Parietal lobe

Brain region that processes sensory input.

Temporal lobe

hearing and language.

Occipital lobe

Brain region responsible for vision.

Cerebellum

Brain region responsible for balance and coordination.

Thalamus

sensory relay.

Hypothalamus

regulating temperature, hunger, and autonomic functions.

Pineal gland

Melatonin

Ventral roots

The roots of spinal nerves that contain motor neurons.

Cranial Nerves I-XII

A series of twelve pairs of nerves that emerge directly from the brain.

Epimysium

covers an entire muscle.

Perimysium

surrounds muscle fascicles.

Endomysium

surrounds individual muscle fibers.

Sarcomere

The basic structural unit of a striated muscle.

Motor unit

A motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates.

Agonist

prime mover

Antagonist

Muscle that opposes

Synergist

Muscle that assists

Fixator

Muscle that stabilizes a joint.

Midbrain

Visual/auditory reflexes

Pons

breathing, relay

Medulla

HR, BP, breathing

Corpus callosum

Connects hemispheres

I Olfactory

Smell

II Optic

Vision

III Oculomotor

Eye movement

IV Trochlear

– Eye muscle (SO)

V Trigeminal

– Sensation/chewing

VI Abducens

– Lateral eye movement

VII Facial

– Expression, taste

VIII Vestibulocochlear

Hearing/balance

IX Glossopharyngeal

– Taste, swallowing

X Vagus

– Autonomic control

XI Accessory

Neck/shoulder

XII Hypoglossal

– Tongue movement

A band

Thick + overlapping thin

I -band

– Thin + Z discs

Thick filaments

– Myosin

Thin filaments

– Actin, troponin, tropomyosin

Muscle contraction

Troponin binds Ca²⁺ → moves tropomyosin → exposes actin

Motor unit strength

# of fibers activated

Orbicularis oculi –

O: Maxilla/frontal | I: Skin around eyes | A: Blinks

Orbicularis oris –

O: Mouth muscles | I: Lips | A: Protrudes lips

Zygomaticus –

O: Zygomatic | I: Mouth corner | A: Smiling

Buccinator –

O: Maxilla/mandible | I: Orbicularis oris | A: Compress cheek

Masseter –

O: Zygomatic arch | I: Mandible | A: Elevates mandible

Sternocleidomastoid –

O: Sternum/clavicle | I: Mastoid | A: Flex/rotate head

Trapezius –

O: Occipital/C7–T12 | I: Scapula/clavicle | A: Elevate/retract scapula

Pectoralis major –

O: Sternum/clavicle | I: Humerus | A: Flex/adduct/medially rotate arm

Pectoralis minor –

O: Ribs 3–5 | I: Coracoid | A: Depress scapula

Serratus anterior –

O: Ribs | I: Scapula | A: Protract scapula

Deltoid –

O: Scapula/clavicle | I: Humerus | A: Abduct/flex/extend arm

Rectus abdominis –

O: Pubic crest | I: Ribs 5–7 | A: Flex trunk

External oblique –

O: Lower ribs | I: Iliac crest | A: Rotate trunk

Internal oblique –

O: Iliac crest | I: Lower ribs | A: Rotate trunk

Transversus abdominis –

O: Iliac crest | I: Linea alba | A: Compress abdomen

Erector spinae –

O: Iliac crest | I: Vertebrae/ribs | A: Extend spine

Levator ani –

O: Pubis | I: Coccyx | A: Supports pelvic organs

Biceps brachii –

O: Scapula | I: Radius | A: Flex/supinate forearm

Triceps brachii –

O: Scapula/humerus | I: Ulna | A: Extend forearm

Brachialis –

O: Humerus | I: Ulna | A: Flex elbow

Brachioradialis –

O: Humerus | I: Radius | A: Flex elbow

Sartorius –

O: ASIS | I: Medial tibia | A: Flex/lateral rotate thigh

Rectus femoris –

O: AIIS | I: Tibial tuberosity | A: Extend knee, flex hip

Vastus lateralis –

– O: Greater trochanter | I: Tibial tuberosity | A: Extend knee

Vastus medialis –

O: Linea aspera | I: Tibial tuberosity | A: Extend knee

Vastus intermedius

O: Femur | I: Tibial tuberosity | A: Extend knee

Biceps femoris –

O: Ischial tuberosity | I: Fibula | A: Flex knee, extend thigh

Semitendinosus –

O: Ischial tuberosity | I: Tibia | A: Flex knee, extend thigh

Semimembranosus –

O: Ischial tuberosity | I: Tibia | A: Flex knee, extend thigh

Gluteus maximus –

O: Ilium/sacrum | I: Femur | A: Extend thigh

Gluteus medius –

O: Ilium | I: Greater trochanter | A: Abduct thigh

Gastrocnemius –

O: Femoral condyles | I: Calcaneus | A: Plantarflex

Soleus –

O: Tibia/fibula | I: Calcaneus | A: Plantarflex

Tibialis anterior –

O: Tibia | I: Metatarsal | A: Dorsiflex/invert foot

Ventricles & CSF Flow

Lateral → 3rd → cerebral aqueduct → 4th → spinal canal