end of years (everything)

Human Error

The largest vulnerability in any computer system.

Shouldering

An attack designed to steal a victim's password or other sensitive data. It involved the attacker watching the victim

Name generator attack

An attack in which the victim is asked to combine a few pieces of personal data to produce a name. Attackers do this to find out key pieces of information that can help them to answer the security questions that protect people's accounts.

Phishing Attack

An attack in which the victim receives an email disguised to look as if it has come from a reputable source

Blagging

An attack in which the perpetrator invents a scenario in order to convince the victim to give them data or money.

Social Engineering

A a set of methods used by cyber criminals to deceive people into handing over information that can be used for fraudulent purposes. This is a person-on-person attack.

Personal Data

Any piece of data used to identify a person.

Examples of personal data

Your name

Authentication

A method of proving your identity

Two Factor Authentication (2FA)

An extra layer of security after you enter your usual username and password.

Explain the 4 steps to two factor authentication (2FA)

1. When a user turns on two factor authentication

Biometric Password

A safer alternate to a written password as you need a part of your body to unlock your device or account.

Encryption

A method of translation data to ensure only authorised users

Explain the process to encryption

A plain text message is encrypted

Data Protection Act

Legislation which all organisations and people using and storing personal data must abide by.

Computer Systems must…

Input

Primary Memory Examples

RAM and ROM

Volatile

This means data is lost when power is lost (temporary).

Is Primary Memory volatile or non-volatile?

Volatile

Non-volatile

This means data is saved when power is lost (permanent).

Is Secondary Storage volatile or non-volatile?

Non-volatile

CPU

Central processing unit

Explain the role of the CPU

The CPU fetches an instruction from memory. Then it decodes it to find out what processing to do. Finally

Hardware

Consists of all the parts of a computer that you can physically touch

Software

The name for the programs and applications that run on a computer

Convert 10010 to denary

16 + 2 = 18

Convert 74 to 7 bit binary

64 + 8 + 2 = 1001010

Bit

A single binary digit: 1 or 0

Left most bit

Smallest bit

ASCII uses how many bits per character?

7

ASCII represents ___ characters?

128

How many bits are in a byte?

8

How many byes are in a kilobyte (KB)?

1000 (or 1024 but you only need to use 1000 in an exam)

How many bytes are in 1 GB?

1000 1000 1000 = 1 000 000 000 Bytes

How many bytes in 3 MB?

3 1000 1000 = 3 000 000 Bytes

Variable

A named location in RAM used to store values while the program is running.

What is the operator + used for?

Addition

What is the operator - used for?

Subtraction

What is the operator * used for?

Multiplication

What is the operator / used for?

Division

What is the operator = used for?

Assignment

What does the operator == represent?

Equal to

What does the operator != represent?

Not equal to

What does the operator < represent?

Less than

What does the operator > represent?

Greater than

What does the operator <= represent?

Less than or equal to

What does the operator >= represent?

Greater than or equal to

What does the operator % represent?

MOD - remainder after division

What does the operator // represent?

DIV - integer division

Boolean Logic

A form of algebra where all values are either True or False.

Name the Boolean Operators

The Boolean operators are AND, OR, and NOT

Draw an AND gate

-D-

Draw an OR gate

-3-

Draw a NOT gate

->-

Algorithm

A set of step-by-step instructions to describe a task or process.

Decomposition

Breaking down complex problems into smaller

Sequence

A set of instructions that must be followed one after another in a specific order

Selection

The choice of which route to take through a computer program based on a condition.

Iteration

Using repetition of a process to create a more efficient solution

Is a variable temporary?

Yes

1 AND 1 =

1

1 AND 0 = 1

0

0 AND 1 =

0

0 AND 0 =

0

0 OR 0 =

0

1 OR 0 =

1

0 OR 1 =

1

1 OR 1 =

1

NOT 0 =

1

NOT 1 =

0