A comprehensive guide to parasites of the CAR system - everything you need to know

What are the symptoms of heartworm?

- Pulmonary artery narrowing

- Excersize intolerance

- hydroperitoneum + hydrothorax

- chronic cough

- dysponea

- haemoptysis

- pulmonary eosinophilia

- pulmonary parenchymal oedema.

What would you expect to see in a blood count for Diliofiliaria immitis

- Eosinophilia

- Increased basophils

When should you analyse bloods for cats

At night due to nocturnal periodicity

What is the KNOtts test

Acidic Phosphatase/ methylblue which stain the microfilaria

What will be shown on an ultrasound bs a thoracic radiograph for heart worm

- right sided enlarged on rafiograph

- on ultrasound may see white spots

How does the ELISA test work in dogs vs cats

Dogs = parasite antigen

Cats = parasite antibody

Cavite = only female antigens are detected...

Angiostrongulus vasorum + Aeulostongulus Abstrusus life cycle

- Adults = inside pulmonary arteries + lay eggs into pulmonary capillaries..

- eggs hatch into l1 + penetate capillaries into alveoli

- L1 are coughed up, swalloed + excreted

-l1s eaten by snaisl/ sluges where they develop to l3 (cats can get aerulostongulus abstrusus from eating parenteric hosts which eats the snails/ slugs)

- Larvae penetrate the stomah _ enter the mesenteric lymphnodes

- Larvare migrate to hepatic portal vein/ liver

- Larvae move onto the vena cava + right ventricle of the heart

- Adults = in pulmonary artery and lay their eggs at pulmonary cappilaries

What do the worms adult antigens trigger

Type 3 hyper sensitivity reaction. Complement acitivation + immune infiltrate in the tissues - esp the lungs...

What will l1s in the alveoli lead too.. (3)

- pulmonary inflammation

- granulomas

- arteriolar vasoconstriction

What are the 3 methods to diagnose lung worm - angiostrongulus vasorum or aurelusstrongulus abstrusus..

- Bronchoalveolar lavage (l1s + eggs preset in the trachea)

- fecal analysis

- Radiography

What will parasitic D-V radiographylook like

- Interstitual pulmonary patterning

-right side heart enlargement due to blockage in the pulmonary vessels + dilation..

What is entire taxonomy for farm and equine lungworms?

- Nemathelminths

- Nematoda

- Trichostongyloidea

- Dictyocaulus

What is the life cycle of DIctylocaulus worms (d arfieldi, d . vivparus and d. filaria - SHeep and goats) these worms?

- L3 ingested by host

- through intestinal walls to L4

- enter the mesenteric lymph nodes via hepatic portal vein via vena cave to lungs

- females lay eggs which hatch to bronchi

- Lavea travel up trachea + swallowed..

What may be the clinical signs of husk? when the lung worms reaches into the alveoli

- Harsh + deep cough which becomes more fequent

- Tachypnoea

- Squeks/ crackles on auscultation

What are the diagnostic tests for D. arnfieldi

- Small bronchi

- l1 in species

- Bronchioalveolar lavarge ( will have l1 present heare)

Diagnostic tests for D. viviparus

- bearmann appartis

- lung tissue sampling

- ELISA

- respiratory distress.

Ascaris Suum

larage porcine roundworm. Eggs appear roun d+ has a pink middle

What is the toxocara canis/ catis life cycle

3 section s

- either normal ingestion of cats/ dogs (may be via parenteric host)

- If conditions are not favourabel/ in a femalmay cause encysts in teh animals tissue, whcih is reawaken when pregnants

What is eucholeus bohemi

dog + fox nasal worm

What is Eucholeus eerophilus

upper espuratory parasit

sually asymptomatic

What is fox lung worm (just review)

crenosoma vulpis targets trachea + bronchioles

What are some clinical signs of oestrus ovis (nasal bot fly affecting

avoidance

bloody nasal diacharge

loss of appetite

(nasopharyngeal myiasis + spreads outwards)

secondary bacterial infections

What type of bug is linguatula serrata?

pentatomid

(4 clawed legs, no respiratory or excretory systems)

What does the linguiratila serrta worm cause signs..

mucopurulent nasal discharge

nose bleeds

sneezing

Scientific name canine heart worm?

Dirofilaria immitis

What is the lifecycle of the D. Imitis worm?

-D. immitis larvae circulate in the blood

- Female mosquito ingests microfilare which then develop into larvae in mosquite

- mosquito bites dogs and deposits L3 larvae into blood

- l4-l5 in the right side of the heart where egss are layed and then may circulate

What is the worst thing that can happen from D. Immitis

CAVAL syndrome

What is caval syndrome?

- Venous pressure increases + liver = damaged

- Cholestrol content of erythrocyte membranes increased

- Therefore the membrane s= more fragile and haemolysis occours, this increases the gree haemoglobuinuria and bilirubineamia (urine + jaundice)

- sudden death

What are the symptoms of angiostonglus vasorrum, and aeurelostongulus abstususs (6)

- coughing

- dyspnoea

-haemorrhagic diathesis

- excersize intolerance

- gi issues

- lethargy

What super family do farm and equine lung worms come from and what does this mean

Trichostrongyloidea = Direct lifecycles with no intermediate host

PRe patent period?

Time between intial infection and the first point it can be detected in the host..

Wha tis the prepatent period for D. viviparus, D. filaria and D. arnfieldi

D.v = 3 week s

v.a - 13 week s

df - 3-4 weels

How do dictylocaulus worms appear?

- thin + white

- females = less than 10 cm, adult makes = less than 5 cm but have a copulatory bursa

What 2 disease can be caused form these lungworms

- Husk/ parasitic bronchitis

- parastic pnuemonina (form eggs + newly hatched larvae in the alveoli)

What is a non-true lung worm

have a lung PHASE but do not develop in the lung.

What is the general cycle of non-true lung worms e.g. ascaris suum

- eggs are laid, excreted and eaten by pigs (l1-l2)

- eggs are hatched and migrate to hepatic portal vein + liver

- l3 migrate to heart, then pulmonary arteries, then move through to alveoli where they are coughed up and swallowed.

- l3s mature to l4s in the intestine

- eggs are laid, excreted then ingested by the host pigs....

What is toxacara canis/ cati

- canine/ feline roundworm

What are the 4 main routes of toxocara canis/ cati infection

- transplacental

- via a partenic host

- mothers milk

- DIRECT

What happens when a pregnant bitch with encysts for toxocara canis, what will happen to the worms

- l2 will migrate to the foetus liver

- from there travel to foetal lung + become L3

-l3 swalloed + develop in l4 in the stomach- move to the intestine + become adults..

What happens to pregnant dog and cats with toxocara, i.e. where will the enxysts mve..

l2 + l3 migrate to the mammary gland

suckling pips/ kittens ingest l3

which are swallowed and develop to l4 in the stomach

What are the clinical signs of teh nasal worm + simple way to diagnose

- sneezing/ nasal discharge infection of the nasalcavity

- diagnose with nasal swabs/ checking for eggs via fecal flotation

What is syngamus trachea

gape worm - avain parastites

in younger birds, causes a gaping mouth and weight los

appears as a triangle grom make and female attatchment

develops insid ethe eff

How do you diagnose Syngamus trachea?

- fecal sampling

- post mortem for adult trachea

Syngamus trachea life cycle

What is oestrus ovis

sheep/ goat bot fly

Where is ostrus ovis endemic

south of uk

What is linguatula serrata?

Dog tongue worm

What is linguatula life cycle

- Dog eats offal

- Adult worms ingested + expelledd nasal discharge + cuases irritation

- Eggs eaten by an INTERMEDIATE host e.g. ruminant

- Eggs hatch in ruminants + migrate to lungs + nasopharny and becomes nymph.

- dog eats offal from slaghtered ruminant.

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