Global Health Final

Flashcards covering key vocabulary and concepts related to Global Health for exam preparation.

Stunting

Failure to reach linear growth height appropriate for age.

Wasting

Condition of low weight for height.

Iodine deficiency intervention

Fortified foods are effectively used to address….

Underweight

A condition characterized by a body mass index (BMI) of less than 18.5.

Normal weight

A BMI in the range of 18.5 to 24.9.

Overweight

Defined as a BMI of over 25.

Obesity

A condition characterized by a BMI of 30 or greater.

SDG (Sustainable Development Goal)

A universal call to action with 17 different goals to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure prosperity for all set to be achieved by 2030.

Fortification

The process of adding essential vitamins and minerals to foods to prevent deficiencies.

Malnutrition

A term that encompasses undernutrition and overnutrition, leading to health complications.

Obesity in low-income countries

A condition increasingly recognized as an issue not only in high-income countries but also in low-income countries.

Herd immunity

Immunity that occurs when a significant portion of a population becomes immune to a disease, thereby providing indirect protection to non-immune individuals.

Xerophthalmia

An eye condition caused by vitamin A deficiency.

Goiter disease

A condition associated with iodine deficiency, resulting in an enlarged thyroid gland.

Iron deficiency risk group

Women, particularly pregnant women

Maternal care essentials

Key minerals such as folic acid, calcium, iodine, and zinc.

Recommended birth interval

The advised interval before a woman should give birth to another child is 2-3 years.

Wasting, underweight, and stunting prevalence region

South Asia

Global deaths from nutritional deficits

Approximately 45% of deaths

Prevalence of obesity

31% of the world population is classified as such

Neural tube defect prevention

Folic acid

Obstetric fistula

An injury occurring during childbirth that leads to leakage from the rectum into the vagina.

Hemorrhage

The significant and uncontrolled loss of blood, leading to potential fatality.

Maternal death

Death of a woman within 30-42 days of delivery due to birth complications.

PDCA Cycle

A management method comprising Plan, Do, Check, Act for continuous improvement.

Cesarian delivery

A surgical method of delivering a baby through an incision in the abdomen.

Female genital mutilation

Traditional practices involving the cutting of female genital organs.

Neonatal conditions

Leading causes of death for children under 5 globally.

Immunization effectiveness

Immunization is considered a highly effective and cost-efficient intervention to reduce childhood morbidity and mortality.

Preterm birth complications

The leading contributing factor to prenatal death.

Diarrhea definition

Watery-rice consistency stools, with more than four bowel movements per day.

Asphyxia definition

A condition resulting from lack of oxygen.

Pertussis

Also known as whooping cough, a highly contagious respiratory disease.

Pneumonia

An inflammatory condition of the lungs, which can be viral or bacterial.

Polio definition

A viral disease that affects the central nervous system.

Tetanus definition

A bacterial infection caused by clostridium tetani, often a result of puncture wounds.

DALYs (Disability-Adjusted Life Years)

A measure of overall disease burden, considering years of life lost due to premature mortality and years lived with disability.

Cholera is……

An acute diarrheal disease caused by a bacterial infection.

Neglected tropical diseases

A group of diseases primarily affecting people in low-income countries, with significant health burdens.

Malaria global burden

93% of deaths occur in Africa, with 61% of these being children.

Prevalance is…

(Burden) # of people that are suffering from something over a long period of time. - Goes down when person is cured or dies -

Incidence Is…

(Risk) # of occurrence rate/frequency of a disease

What are Health Disparities

Health Systems that are systamaticly avoidable, and unjust. Affects socially disadvantaged groups.

What are the 5 Health Indicators?

Population level, Mortality rates, Morbidity rates, Nutritional status, Health care access, Enviormental Factors

What is cost effective analysis?

Method used to compare how much mush health benefits you get for the money spent.

Achieving health equity is..

To give fair and just opportunities to attain their highest level of health.

Health Inequity is…

Measurable difference in health status or health outcome between individuals.

What are the WHO building blocks?

Service delivery, Health workforce, Health information, Access to essential medicine, tech health financing leadership, and governance.

What are the foundations for health and human rights?

Availability, Accessibility, Acceptability, Quality (AAQ)

What are the population health indicators of the U.S?

Maternal Mort - 18.6 deaths per 100,000 live births

Infant Mort - 5.6 per 1,000 live births

Life Expectancy - 79.0 year

Health Sector Expenditure is…

Low-income 2-4% GDP

Middle-income 8-12% GDP

High-Income 17% GDP

U.S uses 18-19% GDP

What are the human rights that are seen?

• Access to health

• Access to health information

Eradication is…

No cases at all

Elimination is…

No cases in one specific area

Why study Global Health?

We must know the progress, challenges, and efforts made in humankind to see how we can better health.

What is Health Expenditure Per Capita?

The average amount of money spent on 1 person in one year.

What is the Demographic Transition Model?

A theoretical frame work that explains the historical shirt in societies from high birth/death rates to low birth/death rates as they modernize/ industrialize.

What is the Declaration of Helsinki?

An important document that explains the ethical rules for medical research with people.

What was the Tuskegee Study?

600 low-income African men that were unethically withheld treatment for Syphilis

What was the Short-AZT trials?

A clinical study testing the short-term use of the drug AZT to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV. Instead of giving half the ATZ drug and the rest the slow drug they gave the rich women the ATZ and the poor women a placebo leading to children knowingly being born with HIV.