NR 302 Exam 3 Review - Heart, Lungs, and Health Assessment

Practice vocabulary flashcards covering Heart & Neck Vessels, Thorax & Lungs, and Physical Assessment principles based on NR 302 course materials.

Pericardium

The outermost layer of the heart.

Myocardium

The muscular middle layer of the heart.

Endocardium

The innermost layer of the heart.

S1 (LUB)

The first heart sound caused by the closure of AV valves, marking the start of systole; heard best at the apex.

S2 (DUB)

The second heart sound caused by the closure of SL valves, marking the end of systole; heard best at the base.

S3 (Ventricular gallop)

An early diastolic sound heard after S2 at the apex; associated with HF or volume overload, though normal in kids or young adults.

S4 (Atrial gallop)

A late diastolic sound heard before S1 at the apex; associated with CAD or a stiff ventricle.

Auscultatory Areas (Z Pattern)

The sequence of listening to heart valves: Aortic ($2^{nd}$ right interspace), Pulmonic ($2^{nd}$ left interspace), Tricuspid (Left lower sternal border), and Mitral ($5^{th}$ ICS at MCL).

Diaphragm

The part of the stethoscope used for high-pitched sounds, such as S1, S2, and breath sounds.

Bell

The part of the stethoscope used for low-pitched sounds, such as S3, S4, murmurs, and bruits.

Bruit

An abnormal swishing sound caused by turbulence in the neck vessels, heard with the bell.

Foramen ovale

A fetal heart structure that normally closes within the $1^{st}$ hour after birth.

Ductus arteriosus

A fetal heart structure that normally closes within $10-15$ hours after birth.

Left-Sided Heart Failure

Condition characterized by pulmonary symptoms such as crackles in the lungs, shortness of breath, orthopnea, and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea.

Right-Sided Heart Failure

Condition characterized by systemic symptoms such as JVD, peripheral edema, hepatomegaly, and ascites.

Sternal angle (Angle of Louis)

The landmark for the $2^{nd}$ rib and the point of tracheal bifurcation.

Visceral pleura

The membrane that covers the lungs.

Parietal pleura

The membrane that lines the chest wall.

Hypoventilation

Slow or shallow breathing that leads to CO2 buildup (hypercapnia).

Hyperventilation

Rapid or deep breathing where CO2 is blown off.

Hypercapnia

An increase of $CO_2$ in the blood.

Hypoxemia

A decrease of $O_2$ in the blood.

Atelectasis

The collapse of alveoli, most commonly occurring post-surgery.

Tactile Fremitus

A palpable vibration felt on the chest wall using the palmar base or ulnar edge of the hand while the patient says "ninety-nine" or "blue moon."

Hyperresonance

A lower-pitched, booming percussion sound indicating too much air, such as in emphysema or pneumothorax.

Dullness

A high-pitched, thudding percussion sound indicating increased density, such as in pneumonia, effusion, or atelectasis.

Bronchial (tracheal) sounds

Loud, high-pitched breath sounds heard over the trachea.

Vesicular sounds

Soft, low-pitched breath sounds heard over the peripheral lung fields.

Crackles (rales)

Short, popping, discontinuous adventitious sounds caused by fluid or secretions; often described as "rales in the tails."

Wheezes (rhonchi)

High-pitched, musical, continuous adventitious sounds caused by narrowed airways; often described as "rhonchi in the bronchi."

Stridor

A loud, crowing adventitious sound indicating an upper airway obstruction.

Cheyne-Stokes

A breathing pattern of progressive deeper and faster breaths followed by periods of apnea; seen in HF or brain injury.

Kussmaul

Deep, rapid, and labored breathing associated with Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA).

ABCDE Rule (Melanoma)

Assessment criteria for skin lesions: Asymmetry, Border (irregular), Color (multiple), Diameter ($>6\text{\,mm}$), and Evolution (any change).

Alert

A level of consciousness where the patient is awake, aware, and provides normal responses.

Obtunded

A level of consciousness where the patient is very drowsy and provides limited response.

Stuporous

A level of consciousness where the patient only responds to vigorous stimulation.

APGAR Score

A newborn assessment conducted at $1$ and $5$ minutes evaluating appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, and respiration; a score of $7-10$ is normal.

Moro (startle) reflex

A primitive reflex where the infant's arms extend and abduct with sudden movement; disappears by $3-6$ months.

Babinski reflex

A primitive reflex where the toes fan out when the sole is stroked; disappears by $12-24$ months.