4.1 DNA, genes and chromosomes
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14 Terms
what are the three components of nucleotides
pentose sugar, phosphate group, organic base
describe the structure of DNA
made up of a deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, and one of four organic bases (CGAT).
double stranded
hydrogen bases between bases form a helix shape
describe the role of DNA
carries genetic information, determines our inherited characteristics
describe the structure of RNA
made up of a ribose sugar, a phosphate group and one of four organic bases
single stranded
describe the role of RNA
transfers genetic information from DNA to ribosomes for protein synthesis
which bases are purine and which are pyrimidine
purine = double ring = adenine and guanine. pyrimidine = single ring = cytosine, thymine, uracil
how is dna in eukaryotic cells different from in prokaryotic cells?
eukaryotic cells = DNA found in nucleus, long and linear, associated with histone proteins to form chromosomes. mitochondria and chloroplasts contain prokaryotic-like DNA.
prokaryotic cells = short and circular. not associated with proteins
what is the genetic code?
the order of bases on DNA. consists of codons (triplets of bases that code for a particular amino acid)
identify features of the genetic code
non-overlapping- each triplet is only read once
degenerate- more than one triplet codes for the same amino acid. 64 possible triplets for 20 amino acids
universal- same bases and sequences used by all species
what is a gene
a sequence of bases on a DNA molecule that codes for a specific sequence of amino acids to make a polypeptide. can also code for functional RNA
what is a locus?
the fixed position on a DNA molecule occupied by a gene
what is an allele
different versions of the same gene, found at the same locus on a chromosome
what are exons and introns?
exons- regions of dna that code for amino acid sequences. separated by one or more introns.
introns- regions of dna that dont code for anything
where are introns found?
between exons, within genes