Unit 3 - Study Guide

Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)

Diseases that affect the heart and blood system of the body.

Ex: Stroke, Heart attack, and coronary artery disease

Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)

The most common heart disease that is caused by plaque buildup that narrows blocks the arteries.

Atherosclerosis

Fatty stuff that hardens on the inside of the blood vessel.

Arteriosclerosis

The blood vessel itself hardens, lacking elasticity.

Ischemia

Blockage or reduced blood flow to tissues or organs.

Angina Pectoris

Chest pain from the muscle walls from disrupted blood flow.

Myocardial Infarction (MI)

Heart attack by the blockage of blood and dying cells in the heart.

Cerebrovascular Disease AKA Stroke

Blood is either being blocked from the brain

Symptoms: FAST

Face - Asymmetry of the face in emotions or speech

Asymmetry - In the body of numbness, paralysis on one side

Speech - Disruptions in speech, fluency, not making sense, cannot speak, or write the wrong letters

Time - Get help immediately, time is tissue, NOTE THE TIME

Ischemic

A type of Stroke

Blockage of blood in the brain

An aneurysm can block blood from the brain.

Hemorrhagic

A type of stroke

Blood leaking into the brain, creating pressure, and killing brain cells

Hypertension

= High Blood Pressure

Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL)

“Bad” Cholesterol that builds up in blood vessels

High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL)

“Good” Cholesterol that breaks down the “Bad” Cholesterol

Metabolic Syndrome

High blood pressure, blood sugar, Triglyceride, and low HDL cholesterol

Cardiovascular Reactivity

How reactive our heart and blood pressure is when you are stressed for long periods of time.

Type A Personality

Characterized by competitiveness, ambition, urgency, and a strong drive to succeed, this often leads to high stress levels which could increase cardiovascular problems.

The Prevalence and Public Health Burden of Cardiovascular Disease

This is the leading cause of death in the US, thus trying to prevent and treat these diseases are difficult.

How does stress, behavior, and social context contribute to CVD risk?

Stress: Chronic stress → Repeated cardiovascular activation  

Behavior: Diet, Smoking, Excessive Drinking, Personality, Depression and Anxiety, Stress and coping, & Physical Activity 

Social: SES, Racism, and Chronic adversity  

Primary Prevention Strategies

Aims to prevent disease or injury before it ever occurs.

Ex: Education about healthy and safe habits, immunications, and legislation

Secondary Prevention Strategies

Aims to reduce the impact of a disease or injury that has already occurred.

Ex: Exams, screening test, daily, low-dose medication, modified work

Tertiary Prevention Strategies

Aims to soften the impact of an ongoing illness or injury that has lasting effects.

Ex: Rehabilitation, disease management, and support groups

How does chronic stress influence cardiovascular functioning over time?

This can influence this due to it’s affects on the artieries, blood pressure, and the reactivity of heart over time can wear out the system.

Diabetes Mellitus

Medical name of “Sugars”, this is problems with insulin, either problems with producing, or with the insulin working

Type 1 Diabetes

Genetic/Insulin-dependent = 5-10% of people with this type

This is an autoimmune disease where your body believes the insulin is not part of your body.

Type 2 Diabetes

Acquired = 90-95% of people with this type

Usually is creating insullin but, it’s making much less or isn’t working as sensitive as it should.

Insulin

A hormone that metabolizes carbohydrates, fats, and proteins by promoting the absorption of glucose

Hyperglycemia

Too much glucose/ glucose-dense which makes it harder to circulate

Small blood vessels are especially vulnerable

Organs with high blood flow demands are affected first

Hypoglycemia

Too little glucose/ low blood sugar with increased heart rate, sweating, dizziness, confusion.

Self- Management

Managing medications, food intake, exercise, routine, constant doctor visits, and monitering.

Illness Intrusiveness

Patients with a chronic disease have their medical conditions and their treatments interfere with continued participation in lifestyles, valued activities, and interests.

Major behavioral and psychosocial contributiors to Type 2 Diabetes risk

Behavioral: stress, diet, exercise, lifestyle, prevention

Psychosocial: stress, SES, education, access, cost, motivation

Healthcare Utilitzation

Refers to the use of healthcare services by individual and populations

Illness Representations

Mental frameworks that shape how people understand and cope with health issues including identity, timeline, consequences, causes and the cure.

Identity = What is this illness?

Timeline = How long it took to show up, how long can this continue?

Consequences = What will happen if this keeps happening, if I do nothing, or if I go to the doctors and etc?

Causes = What caused this to happen?

Cure = How can this be cured? At home, in the ER?

Appraisal Delay

Ends when you notice symptoms

Illness Delay

Ends when you decide that treatment is needed

Behavioral Delay

Ends when you seek medical attention

Scheduling Delay

Ends when getting medical attention

Treatment Delay

Ends when treatment begins

Non- Adherence

When for one reason or another they are not adhering to the treatment given.

Health Literacy

The level in which people understand, find, and use the information related to one’s health.

Patient-Centered Care

Integrating p. eople’s preferences, values, and beliefs into health decision-making.

How do people decide whether and when to seek medical care?

• Cultural and social influence  

• Delay and non-adherence 

• Women tend to seek treatment more 

• Babies and the elderly seek more treatment (it’s a U-Shaped curve)  

• More wealth they are the more likely they are to use the healthcare system in US 

Predictors of adherence and nonadherence.

Complex – If they are more intrusive and complex, they harder it is to do continually  

Lengthy – If they take a long time to do, they are harder to do every day and if they have to do if all their life.  

Preventative – If it’s not treating symptoms, there is not a reinforcement to do so. It’s easier to lapse because of not seeing the negative effects.  

Unpleasant – If it has negative side effects or is just awful to do or take is less likely to be taken because of it.  

Expensive – If it is a lot of money, they may try to stretch it or can’t afford it

How healthcare systems influence patient experience and health outcomes?

These systems that are expensive, complex, confusing, and plain awful which can have patient wait longer to ask for help or go to the hospitial and decrease health outcomes severely.

Pain

A biological/physical and a psychological experience of discomfort that is usually associated with actual or threatened tissue damage or irritation.

Acute Pain

Short time of pain and usually short impact of tissue damage.

Chronic Pain

Lasting over a period of time that is longer than short time damage

Nociceptors

Receptiors that react with touch or pain to and from the nervous system

Gate Control Theory of Pain

Gates that live in our spinal cord (Substantia Gelatinosa), that open and shut. When open the signals go to the brain and then we experience the pain; when it’s closed, we don’t feel pain. They can open a little, for slight pain, and wide for a lot of pain.  

Pain Threshold

How long does the participant take to receive pain?

Pain Tolerance

After starting pain, how long will the participant put up with the pain?

How psychological and social factors influence pain perception?

Attention, emotions, expectations, learning, observations, and stress change the perception