Lecture 19 - Cell Signaling

What mechanism/process can help with development processes, tissue repair, immunity, and cell homeostasis?

Cell Signaling

What can result from abnormalities occur in pathway regulation?

Diseases

What is the general signal transduction pathway?

Signal —> Receptor —> Signal transducers, second messengers, effectors —> Response

What type of protein are most signal molecules?

Membrane

What are the 3 types of cell communication?

1. Paracrine

2. Endocrine

3. Autocrine

Which cell communication type involves cell to nearby cell communication?

Paracrine

Which cell communication type utilizes the circulatory system?

Endocrine

Which cell communication type involves a cell targeting itself?

Autocrine

Which cell communication type is critical in tissues that need rapid and localized communication?

Paracrine

Which cell communication type maintains homeostasis?

Paracrine

Which cell communication type plays a key role in the onset of many diseases?

Paracrine

What is an example of a hormone involved in Endocrine Signaling?

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

Which hormone determines the speed of the body’s metabolism?

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

Which cell communication type allows for cells to stimulate their own growth via the sensing of growth factors?

Autocrine

The misregulation of what cell communication type can lead to tumor growth?

Autocrine

What cell signaling pathway is an example of Autocrine Signaling?

Wnt

What is a highly conserved cell signaling pathway that regulates the expression of cysteine rich glycoproteins?

Wnt

What kind of protein is responsible for the cell behavior in early embryos, adult development, and tumor growth?

Glycoproteins

What cell signaling pathway is involved in cell profileration, differentiation, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition?

Wnt

What are the 2 types of chemical signaling?

1. Contact Dependent (Juxtacrine Signaling)

2. Synaptic

What are the 2 types of synaptic signaling?

1. Electrical

2. Chemical

What type of synaptic cell signaling depends on a membrane potential?

Electrical

What is a neuron’s membrane potential charge at rest?

Negative

What causes the electrical difference between the inside and outside of the cell?

Ion concentration gradients

What type of synaptic signaling is considered the main pathway for neuronal communication?

Chemical

What type of synaptic signaling is done with neurotransmitters?

Chemical

What gives a more prolonged effect on postsynaptic functions by modulating the actions of neurotransmitters?

Neuropeptides

What is the highly conserved signaling pathway process that’s responsible for proliferation in neurogenesis and contributes to embryonic development?

Notch

What signaling pathway is calcium dependent and is a single transmembrane receptor with a large extracellular part?

Notch

What signaling pathway sends signals to the neighbor of a stem cell during division to suppress its ability to adopt the same cell fate?

Notch

Where is the Notch intracellular domain released into when the jagged ligand binds to notch receptor?

Cytoplasm

What induces the transcription of multiple notch target genes once it enters the nucleus?

Notch intracellular domain

What signaling pathway is regulated by its interaction with the endosomal compartment?

Notch

What is the term for the modulation of notch signaling?

Notch Receptor Recycling

What cell signaling type involves a signal-sending cell having a ligand anchored in its membrane that engages with a receptor on a signal-recieiving cell?

Contact Dependent

What are the types of proteins that form the gap junctions involved in Contact Dependent cell signaling?

Connexin

How many connexin protein types are there?

6

What is a an example of a cell type that utilizes Contact Dependent cell signaling?

Epithelial

What kind of cell signaling includes specialized transmembrane proteins that allow speicific diffusion of small molecules or ions?

Contact Dependent

What kind of stimuli acts on cell-surface receptors that are coupled to transducers?

External