APUSH Unit 1-9

Effects of Maize Cultivation

Economic Developments, Permanent Settlements, Better Irrigation, and Settlement Diversity (Natives)

Economic Development

Trade Networks between Societies made (Maize Cultivation)

Permanent Settlements

Agriculture requires staying in one place (Maize)

Better Irrigation

Better Irrigation = more food

More food = more babies (Maize Cultivation)

Settlement Diversification

As settlement becomes bigger, labor becomes more specialized and social hierarchies are adopted (Maize Cultivation)

American Biomes

Great Plains, Mississippian, Northeast, Atlantic Coast, Pacific Coast

Great Plains

Hot/dry climate - Nomadic - Small societies - Mobile shelters - Moved with seasons (American Biomes)

Mississippian

Rich soil - Large societies - Trade via rivers - Social hierarchy - Complex civilizations (American Biomes)

Northeast

Semi-sedentary - Used timber - Iroquois Confederacy (American Biomes)

Iroqouis Confederacy

Group of a bunch of smaller native groups (Northeast American Biome)

Atlantic Coast

3 Sisters - Agricultural society - Semi-sedentary - Matrilineal

Three Sisters

Maize, Beans, Squash (Atlantic Coast American Biome)

Matrilineal

Inheritance through the female line rather than the father's (Atlantic Coast American Biome)

Pacific Coast

Two distinct regions - Didn’t practice agriculture - hunter/gathers - Permanent Settlements - Abundance of food from oceans

Reasons for European Exploration

Europe Stabilizes, Economic Motives, Portugal Being First

Europe Stabilizes

Climate warmed - Improved agricultural productivity - More food = more babies - Desire for Asian Goods - The Renaissance - Political Unification (Reasons for European Exploration)

Economic Motives

Demand for Eastern Luxury Goods - Improved banking systems

Improved Banking Systems

Helped facilitate trade (Economic Motives in European Exploration)

Portugal Being First

Established trading posts all around African Coast and throughout Indian Ocean - Instead of colonies, built trading empire

Religious Motives for European Exploration

Dominant Belief System, Simony, Sales of Indulgences, Catholic Christianity v. Protestant Christianity, and Spain’s Kingdoms Combine

Dominant Belief System

Roman Catholic Christianity - Played significant role in creating European common culture (Religious Motives for European Exploration)

Simony

Buying and selling of important church positions (Religious Motives for European Exploration)

Sales of Indulgences

The exchange of money for forgiveness of sins (Religious Motives for European Exploration)

Catholic Christianity v. Protestant Christianity

No separation of church and state - Led to political feuds and power struggles (Religious Motives for European Exploration)

Spain’s Kingdoms Combine

Marriage of Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon - Led to Spanish Inquisition (Religious Motives for European Exploration)

Political Motives for European Exploration

Competition for Colonial Possessions, New Political Reality, Spain v. Portugal

Competition for Colonial Possessions

Wanted to shift balance of power in their favor (Political Motives for European Exploration)

New Political Reality

The Nation State (Political Motives for European Exploration)

The Nation State

A political entity that governs a single, unified people - Promotes competition to become most powerful (Political Motives for European Exploration)

Spain v. Portugal

After discovery of Americas, both were in dispute over territory - Because they were both Catholic states, Pope settled dispute - Drew line of Demarcation to settle New World territory questions (Political Motives for European Exploration)

Treaty of Tordesillas

Split Territory between Spain and Portugal - Mainly in Spain’s favor (Spain v. Portugal)

Causes of Increased Trade

Improvements in Maritime Technology and Joint-Stock Companies (Trade)

Improvements in Maritime Tech

Caravel - fast and highly navigable ship (Causes of Increased Trade in Colonial Americas)

Joint-Stock Companies

Highly risky investments by multiple people to fund voyage to New World - Charted by State, Funded by Investors (Causes of Increased Trade in Colonial Americas)

The Columbian Exchange

Disease, Food and Plants, Animals, and Minerals

Disease

Smallpox introduced by Spanish - Spread through Mexico and Central America - Killed half of indigenous population (The Columbian Exchange)

Food and Plants

Each society contributed their own

European’s Food and Plants

Wheat, olives, grapes (Food and Plants in Columbian Exchange)

Asian’s Food and Plants

Rice, bananas, sugar (Food and Plants in Columbian Exchange)

Indigenous’ Food and Plants

Maize, potatoes, manioc (Food and Plants in Columbian Exchange)

Effects of Food and Plants

Influx of food Led to Europe's post-1700 population explosion (The Columbian Exchange)

Animals in the Columbian Exchange

Horses, Pigs, Sheep and Cattle (Columbian Exchange)

Horses

Most significant - Those who adopted had advantage - Better transportation (Animals in Columbian Exchange)

Minerals in Columbian Exchange

Silver and Gold (Columbian Exchange)

Effects of Silver and Gold

Caused the Price Revolution - Caused shift from Feudalism to Capitalism (The Columbian Exchange)

Price Revolution

Price for European goods rose steadily for 150 years (Effect of Gold and Silver)

Feudalism

Closed economic system and focused on land ownership

Capitalism

Open economic system focused on manufacturing and trade

Spanish Empire in Americas

Requiremiento, Hernan Cortes, and Francisco Pizzaro

Requiremiento

Legal document claiming Spain possessed biblical authority to rule the Americas - Threatened violence to indigenous groups that defied the order (Spanish Empirie in Americas)

Problems with Requiremiento

Read in Spanish - Indigenous people couldn’t understand it (Spanish Empire)

Hernan Cortes

Took down Aztec Empire

Cortes’ Advantages

Disease and Alliances (Taking down Aztec Empire)

Diseases

Smallpox - Made Aztecs vulnerable to attack (Hernan Cortes)

Alliances

Allied with indigenous groups under Aztec rule - Fought alongside Spanish to secure their own liberation (Hernan Cortes)

Francisco Pizzaro

Took down Inca Empire - Similar Advantages (Spanish Empire)

Labor Systems

Encomienda System (Spanish Empire)

Encomienda System

Encomenderos required indigenous people to work for them - In return, they got protection and Christianization (Basically Slavery)

Problems with Encomienda System

Enslaved workers knew land much better than Spanish - Allowed for frequent escapes - Enslaved workers died from Spanish diseases (Encomienda System)

Wealth from Encomienda System

Mining for gold and silver - Export of cash crops

Enslaved Africans

Replaced Indigenous Workers (Encomienda System)

Why Africans Were Better

Less likely to escape - Already exposed to European diseases - Had better immunity (Encomienda System)

Spanish Caste

No traditional Spanish Nobility in New World - Spanish conquistadors imposed new social hierarchy on the people of the new world

Casta System

Organized colonial society into a ranked social hierarchy - Based on race and heredity - More white blood = more social power - Less white blood = less social power (Spanish Caste)

Effects of Casta System

Erased Cultural Complexity - Ordered society by standards of small minority- Category dictated education, occupation, taxes - Altered spatial makeup of towns and villages (Spanish Caste)

Different Worldviews

European v. Indigenous (Beliefs)

European’s Worldwide Views

Land could be owned by individuals -Complex set of dogmas/doctrines - Patriarchal - Nuclear Family (Worldwide Views)

Indigenous Worldwide Views

Land contained a spiritual quality - Multiple Gods and Spirits - No separation of spiritual and material world - More egalitarian - Sometimes even matrilineal - Lived together in extended families (Worldwide Views)

Cultural Adoption

Indigenous People Converted/Adapted to Christianity - Europeans Adopted Aspects of Indigenous Culture

Indigenous People Converted/Adapted to Christianity

Due to Spanish effort to establish Christian missions in southwest North America - Polytheists (Cultural Adoption)

Polytheists

Saw no conflict in adding Christian God to Worship of other gods (Cultural Adoption)

Europeans Adopted Aspects of Indigenous Culture

English settlers learned local agriculture techniques - French settlers intermarries with indigenous women to benefit fur trade relations (Cultural Adoption)

Resistance

Diplomacy and Violence through Military Resistance

Diplomacy

Native Americans defended themselves from Europeans by allying with them against other native groups (Resistance)

Violence Through Military Resistance

Taino Rebellion (Resistance)

Taino Rebellion

Native people of modern day Puerto Rico rebelled against the Spanish - Spanish had better weapons so they won

Racial Debates in Spanish Americas

Bartolomé de las Casas and Juan Gines de Sepulveda

Bartolomé de las Casas

Argued indigenous people were fully human - Should not be subjected to inhuman encomienda system (Racial Debates)

Juan Gines de Sepulveda

Argued indigenous peoples were less than human - Subjugation and brutality helped transform them into full humanity (Racial Debates)

Countries in the Americas

Spanish, French, Dutch, and British (Colonial America)

Spanish Goals in America

Power and Wealth (Goals in Colonial America)

Spanish Tactics in America

Native Subjugation, Christian Conversion, and a New Social Order (Goals in Colonial America)

Native Subjugation

Encomienda System and Hacienda (Spanish Tactics)

Hacienda

Main Spanish labor system, replaced Encomienda - Encomenderos owned large amounts of land, Indigenous laborers were tied to land through debt repayment

Don Juan de Onate

Conquered Pueblo People - set up Santa Fe

Christian Conversion

Missionaries followed Onate and tired to convert indigenous people (Spanish Tactics)

New Social Order

Spanish Caste System (Spanish Tactics)

French/Dutch Goals

Partnership with Indians (Colonial America)

French/Dutch Activities in Colonial America

Negotiated Alliances, Missionaries, Wealth (Activities in Colonial America)

Negotiated Alliance

Samuel De Champlain negotiated with Huron People against Iroquois

Missionaries

Not Many - did not use brute force to convert (French)

Wealth

Not interested in reshaping indigenous societies like Spanish - set up New Amsterdam (New York) - attracted merchants from all over the world (French Activities in America)

British Goals in Colonial America

Partition separating land, property, or political territories)

British Activities in Colonial America

Economic Prosperity, Social Mobility, Religious Freedoms, and Improved Living Conditions

Economic Prosperity

Established Jamestown colony - mostly single young men looking for gold (British Activities in Colonial America)

Social Mobility

People had limited mobility in England - only first born could inherit land - younger sons looked for land in New World (British Activities in Colonial America)

Religious Freedoms

Puritans wanted religious freedom, migrated to New World as family - established God-centered society with free worship - accepted Indigenous help but tried to live separately (British Activities in America)

Better Living Conditions in the New World

Rapid Population Growth, Parliament passes Enclosure Laws, Limited access to the Commons (British Activity in Colonial America)

Enclosure Laws

Allowed landlords to claim public land for livestock (Better Living Conditions in the New World)

Limited Access to The Commons

Vital resources to poor citizens who had no land of their own - Landless poor began to migrate to the New World to improve their standard of living (Better Living Conditions in the New World)