bio exam 2 chemistry of organic molecules + cell cycle

what is the function of lipids?

long-term energy storage, structural component of membranes, heat retention, hormones

what is the function of proteins?

builidng/repairing tissues, catalyzing metabolic reactions

what is the function of nucleic acids?

store, transmit, and express genetic information

Which type of biomolecule has the most calories per gram?

lipids

What is the relationship between monomer and polymers, in relation to macromolecules?

monomers are small and are building blocks that link together through covalent bonds to form long chains called polymers which are large. high molecular weight molecules known as macromolecules

what is the monomer and polymer name of carbs?

monosaccharide, polysaccharide

what is the monomer and polymer name of lipids?

glycerol, does not form polymers

what is the monomer and polymer name of proteins?

amino acids, polypeptide

what is the monomer and polymer name of nucleic acids?

nucleotide, dna/rna

How do the different biomolecules interact with water

their polarity and ability to form h-bond

List several examples of structural lipids. In what organisms to do you find these lipids?

Cellulose - forms the wall in palnts. chitin - forms the exoskeletons of insects. peptidoglycan - provides structure and protection of bacteria

List several examples of storage carbs. In what organisms to do you find these carbs?

starch - energy storage in plants. glycogen - energy storage in animals

What are monomers called? Be able to list several common monomers.

Subunits/building blocks. amino acids, monosaccharides, nucleotides

List several common polymers.

polyethylene, polypropylene, polyanything

What is a disaccharide?

two monosaccharides joined together. ex: lactose and sucrose

What is a fatty acid?

builidng blocks of fat in the body, energy source

What are common names for different types of lipids

fats, oils, phospholipids, steroids, waxes

whats the human use of fats

butter, lard

whats the human use of oils

cooking oils

whats the human use of phospholipids

food addictive

whats the human use of steroids

medicines

whats the human use of waxes

candles, polishes

what is the function for lipid fats?

long term energy storage for animals

what is the function for lipid oils?

long term energy storage in plants

what is the function for lipid phospholipids?

component of plasma membrane

what is the function for lipid steroids?

component of plasma membrane, hormones

what is the function for lipid waxes?

protection, prevention of water loss

What is the structure of a phospholipid? How are phospholipids organized into biological membranes?

amphipathic molecules made of glycerol backbone, two fatty acid tails (hydrophobic), and phosphate-linked head group (hydrophilic). tail to tail

How many types of monomers/ amino acids do proteins have?

20 types

What is meant by “essential amino acid”?

an amino acid that the human body cannot synthesize on its own

What is the difference between proteins, peptides, and polypeptides?

Peptides are short chains, polypeptides are longer. proteins are folded units made of one or more polypeptide chains

What is denaturation?

the process where proteins lose their native 3D structure

What causes denaturation?

Heat, pH, chemical agents

how prions relate to denatruation?

prions are misfolded proteins that cause neurodegenerative diseases.

what is the function of DNA

genetic material

what is the function of RNA

making proteins

What are nucleotides made of?

5-carbon sugar, nitrogen base, and at least one phosphate group

what is ATP

energy currency in cell

how is atp useful to cells?

energy storage, drives unfavorable metabolic reactions. active transport

what organelle generates atp?

mitochondria

How does the term “cell cycle” relate to cell reproduction?

The cell cycle is series of growth and division stages that a cell undergoes to reproduce, creating two genetically identical daughter cells from a parent cell.

When & where during a human lifetime do cells reproduce most frequently?

during embryonic and early childhood

What are the two main stages of the cell cycle?

interphase - cell grows G1 - growth S - growth and DNA replication G2 - growth and prep for division Mitotic phase - cell divides

When during the cell cycle do individual cells split into 2 cells?

mitotic phase

In terms of the cell cycle, how to cancer cells differ from healthy cells?

ignoring stop signals, dividing uncontrollably