AP World Modern CED

Give at least two illustrative examples of early Chinese culture traditions (Unit 1.1)

-Filial piety in East Asia

-Influence of Neo-Confucianism and Buddhism in East Asia

-Confucian traditions of both respect for and expected deference from women

-Chinese literary and scholarly traditions and their spread to Heian Japan and Korea

What are the three branches of Buddhism? (Unit 1.1)

-Theravada

-Mahayana

-Tibetan

Give at least two illustrative examples of early Chinese technological innovations. (Unit 1.1)

-Champa rice

-Transportation innovations, like the Grand Canal expansion

-Steel and iron production

-Textiles and porcelains for export

Explain the effects of Chinese cultural traditions on East Asia over time (Unit 1.1)

- Chinese cultural traditions continued, and they

influenced neighboring regions

- Buddhism and its core beliefs continued to

shape societies in Asia and included a variety of branches, schools, and practices

Explain the effects of innovation on the Chinese economy over time. (Unit 1.1)

- The economy of Song China became

increasingly commercialized while continuing to depend on free peasant and artisanal labor

-The economy of Song China flourished asa result of increased productive capacity, expanding trade networks, and innovations in agriculture and manufacturing.

Explain the systems of government employed by Chinese dynasties and how they developed over time. (Unit 1.1)

Empires and states in Afro-Eurasia and the Americas demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity in the 13th century. This included the Song Dynasty of China, which utilized traditional methods of Confucianism and

an imperial bureaucracy to maintain and justify its rule.

Explain how systems of belief and their practices affected society in the period from c. 1200 to c. 1450. (Unit 1.2)

Islam, Judaism, Christianity, and the core

beliefs and practices of these religions continued to shape societies in Africa and Asia.

Explain the causes and effects of the rise of Islamic states over time. (Unit 1.2)

As the Abbasid Caliphate fragmented, new Islamic political entities emerged, most of which were dominated by Turkic peoples. These states demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity.

Cite innovations done by Muslim states and empires during c 1200 to c 1450. (Unit 1.2)

Innovations:

-Advances in mathematics (Nasir al-Din al-Tusi)

-Advances in literature ('A'ishah al-Ba'uniyyah)

-Advances in medicine

Explain the effects of intellectual innovation in Dar al-Islam. (Unit 1.2)

Muslim states and empires encouraged significant intellectual innovations and transfers.

Cite illustrative examples of influences/transfers on Dar al-Islam during c. 1200 to c. 1450. (Unit 1.2)

Transfers:

- Preservation and commentaries on Greek moral and natural philosophy

- House of Wisdom in Abbasid Bagdad

-Scholarly and cultural transfers in Muslim and Christian Spain

Explain how the various belief systems and practices of South and Southeast Asia affected society over time. (Unit 1.3)

Hinduism, Islam, and Buddhism, and their core beliefs and practices, continued to shape societies in South and Southeast Asia.

Explain how and whyvarious states of South and Southeast Asia developed and maintained power over time. (Unit 1.3)

State formation and development

demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity, including the new Hindu and Buddhist states that emerged in South and Southeast Asia.

Explain how and why states in the Americas developed and changed over time. (Unit 1.4)

In the Americas, as in Afro-Eurasia, state

systems demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity, and expanded in scope and reach.

Cite some state systems in the Americas during c. 1200 to c. 1450. (Unit 1.5)

State systems in the Americas:

Maya city-states, Mexica, Inca, Chaco, Mesa Verde, Cahokia

Explain how and why states in Africa developed and changed over time. (Unit 1.5)

In Africa, as in Eurasia and the Americas, state systems demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity and expanded in scope and reach.

Explain how the beliefs and practices of the predominant religions in Europe affected European society. (Unit 1.6)

Christianity, Judaism, Islam, and the core beliefs and practices of these religions continued to shape societies in Europe.

Explain the causes and consequences of political decentralization in Europe from c. 1200 to c. 1450. (Unit 1.6)

Europe was politically fragmented and

characterized by decentralized monarchies, feudalism, and the manorial system.

Explain the effects of agriculture on social organization in Europe from c. 1200 to c. 1450. (Unit 1.6)

Europe was largely an agricultural society dependent on free and coerced labor, including serfdom.

State formation and development demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity in various regions during c. 1200 to c 1450. Name some of these major states. (Unit 1)

- As the Abbasid Caliphate fragmented, new Islamic political entities emerged, most of which were dominated by Turkic peoples.

- Empires and states in Afro-Eurasia and the Americas

- new Hindu and Buddhist states that emerged in South and Southeast Asia.

What did the Song Dynasty use to maintain its rule during c. 1200 to c. 1450? (Unit 1)

They utilized traditional methods of Confucianism and an imperial bureaucracy to maintain and justify its rule.

Explain the causes and effects of growth of networks of exchange after 1200. (Unit 2.1)

Improved commercial practices led to an

increased volume of trade and expanded the geographical range of existing trade routes— including the Silk Roads—promoting the growth of powerful new trading cities.

Explain the effects of the growth of interregional trade in luxury goods. (Unit 2.1)

The growth of interregional trade in luxury goods was encouraged by innovations in previously existing transportation and commercial technologies, including the caravanserai, forms of credit, and the development of money economies.

Cite some examples of where and what luxury good trades took place on the Silk Roads. (Unit 2.1)

Demand for luxury goods increased in Afro-Eurasia. Chinese, Persian, and Indian artisans and merchants expanded their production of textiles and porcelains for export; manufacture of iron and steel expanded in China.

Explain the process of state building and decline in Eurasia over time. (Unit 2.2)

Empires collapsed in different regions of the world and in some areas were replaced by new imperial states, including the Mongol khanates.

Explain how the expansion of empires influenced trade and communication over time. (Unit 2.2)

It facilitated Afro-Eurasian trade and communication as new people were drawn into their conquerors' economies and trade networks.

Explain the significance of the Mongol Empire in larger patterns of continuity and change. (Unit 2.2)

It encouraged significant technological and cultural transfers.

Explain the causes of the

growth of networks of exchange after 1200. (Unit 2.3)

- increased volume of trade and expanded the geographical range of existing trade routes, including the Indian Ocean

-The Indian Ocean trading network fostered the growth of states.

- growth of powerful new trading cities

Cite some new technologies that facilitated the growth of networks of exchange after 1200. (Unit 2.3)

Use of the compass, the astrolabe, and larger ship designs.

Explain the effects of the growth of networks of exchange after 1200. (Unit 2.3)

- merchants set up diasporic communities where they introduced their own cultural traditions into the indigenous cultures and, in turn, indigenous cultures influenced merchant cultures

- Interregional contacts and conflicts between

states and empires encouraged significant technological and cultural transfers

Cite one specific example of a Chinese admiral that created interregrional contacts to other states after 1200. (Unit 2.3)

- maritime activity led by Ming Admiral Zheng He.

Explain the role of environmental factors in the development of networks of exchange in the period from c. 1200 to c. 1450. (Unit 2.3)

- often depended on environmental knowledge, including advanced knowledge of the monsoon winds

Explain the causes of the growth of trans-Saharan trade. (Unit 2.4)

The growth of interregional trade was

encouraged by innovations in existing transportation technologies.

Explain the effects of the growth of trans-Saharan trade. (Unit 2.4)

- led to an increased volume of trade and expanded the geographical range of existing trade routes, including the trans-Saharan trade network.

Explain how the expansion of empires influenced trade and communication over time. (Unit 2.4)

The expansion of empires—including Mali in West Africa-facilitated Afro-Eurasian trade and communication as new people were drawn into the economies and trade networks.

Cite some illustrative examples of diffusion of cultural traditions due to cross-cultural interactions during the age of the Silk Road. (Unit 2.5)

Diffusion of cultural traditions:

- The influence of Buddhism in East Asia

- The spread of Hinduism and Buddhism into Southeast Asia

- The spread of Islam in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia

Cite the two illustrative examples diffusion of scientific or technological innovation from China during the Silk Road. (Unit 2.5)

- Gunpowder from China

- Paper from China

Name at least two travelers within Afro-Eurasia wrote that about their travels on the Silk Road (Unit 2.5)

-Ibn Battuta

-Margery Kempe

-Marco Polo

Explain the intellectual and cultural effects of the various networks of exchange in Afro-Eurasia from c. 1200 to c. 1450. (Unit 2.5)

- diffusion of literary, artistic, andcultural traditions, as well as scientific and technological innovations

-increasing number of travelers within Afro-Eurasia wrote about their travels

Explain the environmental effects of the various networks of exchange in Afro-Eurasia from c. 1200 to c. 1450. (Unit 2.6)

- diffusion of crops and pathogens, with epidemic diseases, including the bubonic plague, along trade routes.

Explain the similarities and differences among the various networks of exchange in the period from c. 1200 to c. 1450. (Unit 2 Key Concept)

- Improved commercial practices led to an increased volume of trade and expandedthe geographical range of existing trade routes—including the Silk Roads—promoting the growth of powerful new trading cities.

What is the commonly used term for the imperial empires that used innovations in military technology from c. 1450 to c. 1750? (Unit 3.1)

Gunpowder empires; Imperial expansion relied on the increased use of gunpowder, cannons, and armed trade to establish large empires in both hemispheres.

Name at least two land based empires that developed and expanded during c. 1450 to c. 1750. (Unit 3.1)

-the Manchu in Central and East Asia

-the Mughal in South and Central Asia

-the Ottoman in Southern Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa

-the Safavids in the Middle East.

Political and religious disputes led to rivalries and conflict between states. Name at least one illustrative example of a state rivalry during c. 1450 to c. 1750. (Unit 3.1)

-Safavid-Mughal conflict

-Songhai Empire's conflict with Morocco

Explain how rulers used a variety of methods to legitimize and consolidate their power in land-based empires from 1450 to 1750. (Unit 3.2)

- they used religious ideas, art, and monumental architecture to legitimize their rule.

- rulers used tribute collection, tax farming, and innovative tax-collection systems to generate revenue in order to forward state power and expansion.

- recruitment and use of bureaucratic elites to centralize power

Cite at least one illustrative example of rulers using bureaucratic elites and/or military professionals to legitimize and consolidate their power in land-based empires in 1450 to 1750. (Unit 3.2)

Bureaucratic elites or military professionals:

- Ottoman devshirme

- Salaried samurai

Cite at least one illustrative example of rulers using religious ideas to legitimize and consolidate their power in land-based empires in 1450 to 1750. (Unit 3.2)

Religious ideas:

- Mexica practice of human sacrifice

- European notions of divine right

- Songhai promotion of Islam

Cite at least one illustrative example of rulers using art and monumental architecture to legitimize and consolidate their power in land-based empires in 1450 to 1750. (Unit 3.2)

Art and monumental architecture:

- Qing imperial portraits

- Incan sun temple of Cuzco

-Mughal mausolea and mosques

-European palaces, such as Versailles

Cite at least one illustrative example of rulers using tax collection systems to legitimize and consolidate their power in land-based empires in 1450 to 1750. (Unit 3.2)

Tax-collection systems:

- Mughal zamindar tax collection

- Ottoman tax farming

- Mexica tribute lists

- Ming practice of collecting taxes in hard currency

Explain continuity and change within the various belief systems during the period from 1450 to 1750. (Unit 3.3)

- The Protestant Reformation marked a break

with existing Christian traditions and both the Protestant and Catholic reformations contributed to the growth of Christianity.

- Political rivalries between the Ottoman and

Safavid empires intensified the split within Islam between Sunni and Shi'a.

- Sikhism developed in South Asia in a context of interactions between Hinduism and Islam.

Knowledge, scientific learning, and technology from the Classical, Islamic, and Asian worlds spread, facilitating European technological developments and innovation. Name some illustrative examples of these new technological innovation facilitated by other cultures. (Unit 4.1)

- Lateen sail

-Compass

-Astronomical charts

The developments included the production of new tools, innovations in ship designs, and an improved understanding of regional wind and currents patterns—all of which made transoceanic travel and trade possible. Name some illustrative examples of innovations in ship design. (Unit 4.1)

Caravel

Carrack

Fluyt

Describe the role of states in the expansion of maritime exploration from 1450 to 1750. (Unit 4.2)

New state-supported transoceanic maritime exploration occurred in this period.

Explain the economic causes and effects of maritime exploration by the various European states. (Unit 4.2)

- Portuguese development of maritime technology and navigational skills led to increased travel to and trade with Africa and Asia and resulted in the construction of a global trading-post empire.

- Spanish sponsorship of the voyages of Columbus and subsequent voyages across the Atlantic and Pacific dramatically increased European interest in transoceanic traveland trade.

Why were Northern Atlantic crossings undertaken under English, French, and Dutch sponsorship during c. 1450 to c. 1750. (Unit 4.2)

Often with the goal of finding alternative sailing routes to Asia.

What is the broad definition of the Columbian Exchange? (Unit 4.3)

The new connections between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres resulted in the exchange of new plants, animals, and diseases.

List some illustrative examples of the disease vectors and diseases exchanged during the Columbian Exchange. (Unit 4.3)

- European colonization of the Americas led to the unintentional transfer of disease vectors, including mosquitoes and rats, and the spread of diseases that were endemic in the Eastern Hemisphere, including smallpox, measles, and malaria.

Afro-Eurasian domesticated animals and some foods were brought by Europeans to the Americas, while other foods were brought by African enslaved persons. Name some illustrative examples of foods and domesticated animals during 1450 to 1750. (Unit 4.3)

-Domesticated animals

Horses, Pigs, Cattle

-Foods brought by African enslaved persons:

Okra, Rice

What drove European states to establish new maritime empires during 1450 to 1750? (Unit 4.4)

Driven largely by political, religious, and economic rivalries, European states established new maritime empires, including the Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, French, and British.

Cite some illustrative examples of Indian Ocean Asian merchants during 1450 to 1750. (Unit 4.4)

Swahili Arabs, Omanis, Gujaratis, Javanese

What was some Asian states response to this new European effort to expand and create new trading posts in these maritime empires? (Unit 4.4)

Some Asian states sought to limit the disruptive economic and cultural effects of European-dominated long-distance trade by adopting restrictive or isolationist trade policies.

Cite at least one illustrative example of an Asian state adopted restrictive or isolationist trade policies during 1450 to 1750.

-Ming China

-Tokugawa Japan

Explain how some states in Africa were impacted by the expansion of maritime trading networks. (Unit 4.4)

The expansion of maritime trading networks

fostered the growth of states in Africa, including the Asante and the Kingdom of the Kongo, whose participation in trading networks led to an increase in their influence.

Explain the continuities in economic systems and labor systems from 1450 to 1750. (Unit 4.4)

- existing trade networks in the Indian Ocean continued to flourish and included intra-Asian trade and Asian merchants even with Portuguese, Spanish and Dutch disruption

- Americas depended on agriculture, and utilized existing labor systems, including the Incan mit'a

Explain the changes in economic systems and labor systems from 1450 to 1750. (Unit 4.4)

- Americas introduced new labor systems including chattel slavery, indentured servitude, and encomienda and hacienda systems.

Explain changes and continuities in systems of slavery in the period from 1450 to 1750. (Unit 4.4)

- enslavement in Africa continued in its traditional forms

- export of enslaved persons to the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean regions

- a change is the increased demand for enslaved labor in the Americas

Explain how rulers employed economic strategies to consolidate and maintain power throughout the period from 1450 to 1750. (Unit 4.5)

- Mercantilist policies and practices

- Joint-stock companies were used to finance exploration and were used by rulers to compete against one another in global trade.

Economic disputes led to rivalries and conflict between states. Name at least one illustrative example of competition over trade routes during 1450 to 1750. (Unit 4.5)

-Muslim-European rivalry in the Indian Ocean

-Moroccan conflict with the Songhai Empire

Peasant and artisan labor continued and intensified in many regions as the demand for food and consumer goods increased. Cite some illustrative examples of these goods and the origins of the goods. (Unit 4.5)

Western Europe— wool and linen

India—cotton

China—silk

Explain the continuities and changes in networks of exchange from 1450 to 1750. (Unit 4.5)

The new global circulation of goods was facilitated by chartered European monopoly companies and the global flow of silver, especially from Spanish colonies in the Americas, which was used to purchase Asian goods for the Atlantic markets and satisfy Chinese demand for silver. Regional markets continued to flourish in Afro-Eurasia by using established commercial practices and new transoceanic and regional shipping services developed by European merchants.

Explain how political, economic, and cultural factors affected society from 1450 to 1750. (Unit 4.5)

- the mixing of African, American, and European cultures and peoples, with all parties contributing to this cultural synthesis

- some notable gender and family restructuring occurred, including demographic changes in Africa that resulted from the trade of enslaved persons.

Explain the similarities and differences in how various belief systems affected societies from 1450 to 1750. (Unit 4.5)

- expanded the reach and furthered development of existing religions

-contributed to religious conflicts

- the development of syncretic belief systems and practices.

Enslaved persons challenged existing authorities in the Americas through organized resistance. Cite at least one illustrative example of a resistance of enslaved persons. (Unit 4.6)

-The establishment of Maroon societies in the Caribbean and Brazil

-Resistance of enslaved persons in North America

State expansion and centralization led to

resistance from an array of social, political, and economic groups on a local level. Cite at least two illustrative examples of local resistance during 1450 to 1750. (Unit 4.6)

- Pueblo Revolts

- Fronde

- Cossack revolts

- Maratha conflict with Mughals

- Ana Nzinga's resistance

- Metacom's War (King Philip's War)

Some states suppressed diversity or limited certain groups' roles in society, politics, or the economy. Cite at least two examples of the differential treatment of certain groups during 1450 to 1750. (Unit 4.7)

-Restrictive policies against Han Chinese in Qing China

-Varying status of different classes of women within the Ottoman Empire

-Expulsion of Jews from Spain and Portugal

Many states adopted practices to accommodate the ethnic and religious diversity of their subjects or to utilize the economic, political, and military contributions of different ethnic or religious groups. Cite at least one illustrative example of a state that accommodated religious and religious diversity in 1450 to 1750. (Unit 4.7)

- the acceptance of Jews in the Ottoman Empire

The power of existing political and economic elites fluctuated as the elites confrontednew challenges to their ability to affect the policies of the increasingly powerful monarchs and leaders. Cite at least two illustrative examples of existing elites during 1450 to 1750. (Unit 4.7)

Ottoman timars, Russian boyars, European nobility

Some states suppressed diversity or limited certain groups' roles in society, politics, or the economy. Cite at least one illustrative example of differential treatment of groups in society, politics, and the economy during 1450 to 1750. (Unit 4.7)

-Expulsion of Jews from Spain and Portugal

(compared to the acceptance of Jews in the Ottoman Empire)

-Restrictive policies against Han Chinese in Qing China

- Varying status of different classes of women within the Ottoman Empire

The power of existing political and economic elites fluctuated as the elites confronted new challenges to their ability to affect the policies of the increasingly powerful monarchs and leaders. Cite at least one illustrative example of existing elites during 1450 to 1750 (Unit 4.7)

Ottoman timars, Russian boyars, European nobility

Explain the intellectual and ideological context in which revolutions swept the Atlantic world from 1750 to 1900. (Unit 5.1)

- Enlightenment philosophies

- Nationalism also became a major force

shaping the historical development of states and empires.

What role did Enlighenment philosophers play during 1750 to 1900 (Unit 5.1)

- They also reexamined the role that religion played in public life and emphasized the importance of reason. - - Philosophers developed new political ideas about the individual, natural rights, and the social contract.

- Applied new ways of understanding and empiricist approaches to both the natural world and human relationships

What is one effect of the new Enlightenment political ideas about the individual, natural rights, and the social contract? (Unit 5.1)

- The rise and diffusion of Enlightenment thought that questioned established traditions in all areas of life often preceded revolutions and rebellions against existing governments.

Cite at least two illustrative examples of reform movements during the Enlightenment from 1750 to 1900. (Unit 5.1)

- expansion of rights:

womens suffrage, the abolition of slavery, and the end of serfdom.

Demands for women's suffrage and an emergent feminism challenged political and gender hierarchies. Cite at least one illustrative example of direct demands by women during 1750 to 1900. (Unit 5.1)

- Mary Wollstonecraft's A Vindication of the Rights of Woman

- Olympe de Gouges's Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen

- Seneca Falls Conference (1848) organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott

Newly imagined national communities often linked their new national identity with borders of the state, and in some cases, nationalists challenged boundaries or sought unification of fragmented regions. Cite at least two illustrative examples of the call for national unification or liberation of harnessed by governments to establish some sense of unity during 1750 to 1900. (Unit 5.2)

Call for national unification or liberation:

- Propaganda Movement in the Philippines

- Maori nationalism and the New Zealand wars in New Zealand

- Puerto Rico—writings of Lola Rodríguez de Tió

- German and Italian unifications

- Balkan nationalisms

- Ottomanism

The 18th century marked the beginning of an intense period of revolution and rebellion against existing governments. Explain at least one example of the effects of these revolutions and rebellions during 1750 to 1900. (Unit 5.2)

- the establishment of new nation-states around the world

- the development of systems of government and various ideologies, including democracy and 19th-century liberalism.

Cite at least two examples of successful revolution or rebellion and the effects of them during 1750 to 1900. (Unit 5.1)

- The American Revolution, the Haitian Revolution, and the Latin American independence movements

- facilitated the emergence of independent states in the Americas.

The ideas of Enlightenment philosophers, as reflected in revolutionary documents influenced resistance to existing political authority, often in pursuit of independence and democratic ideals. Name at least two illustrative examples of the writings to support this this point. (Unit 5.1)

- the American Declaration of Independence -> American Revolution

- the French "Declaration of the Rights of

Man and of the Citizen" --> French Revolution,

- Bolívar's "Letter from Jamaica" -> the Latin American revolutions

Explain how environmental factors contributed to industrialization from 1750 to 1900. (Unit 5.3)

- Proximity to waterways; access to rivers and canals

- Geographical distribution of coal, iron, and timber

- Urbanization

- Improved agricultural productivity

- Legal protection of private property

- Access to foreign resources

- Accumulation of capital

In what way did the development of the factory system effect the specialization of labor during 1750 to 1900? (Unit 5.3)

- led to an increasing degree of specialization of labor.

Where did the industrial revolution spread around the world, the origin being northwestern Europe? (Unit 5.4)

- They spread to other parts of Europe and the United States, Russia, and Japan.

How did the rapid development of steam powered industrial production in European countries and the U.S. effect their global manufacturing during 1750 to 1900? (Unit 5.4)

- increased in these regions' share of global manufacturing during the first Industrial Revolution

While Middle Eastern and Asian countries continued to produce manufactured goods, these regions' share in global manufacturing declined. Cite at least two illustrative examples to support this point. (Unit 5.4)

- Shipbuilding in India and Southeast Asia

- Iron works in India

-Textile production in India and Egypt

How did the development of machines, including steam engines and the internal combustion engine effect the finding of new resources in 1750 to 1900? (Unit 5.5)

- made it possible to take advantage of both existing and vast newly discovered resources of energy stored in fossil fuels, specifically coal and oil.

How did the fossil fuels revolution effect the energy available to human societies? (Unit 5.5)

- The fossil fuels revolution greatly increased the energy available to human societies.

The second industrial revolution, during the second half of the 19th century, lead to new methods of production for many different goods. Name at least two illustrative examples to support this point. (Unit 5.5)

- production of steel, chemicals, electricity, and precision machinery

What different technologies made exploration, development, and communication possible in interior regions globally, which led to increased trade and migration during 1750 to 1900? (Unit 5.5)

- Railroads, steamships, and the telegraph

As the influence of the Industrial Revolution grew, a small number of states and governments promoted their own state-sponsored visions of industrialization. Name one illustrative example to support this point. (Unit 5.6)

- Muhammad Ali's development of a cotton textile industry in Egypt

How did the expansion of U.S. and European influence effect Asia's internal reform in Japan? (Unit 5.6)

- internal reform in Japan supported industrialization

- led to the growing regional power of Japan in the Meiji Era

Explain the development of economic systems, ideologies, and institutions and how they contributed to change in the period from 1750 to 1900. (Unit 5.7)

- Western European countries began abandoning mercantilism and adopting free trade policies

- the proliferation of large-scale transnational businesses that relied on new practices in banking and finance