Parasitology

Crenosoma vulpis

DH: dog, fox

IH: slugs, snails

PPP: 21dd

infective stage: L3

pathogenesis: eosinophilic bronchitis

diagnosis: Baermann

epidemiology: endemic in foxes, summer

Filaroides/Oslerus oskeri

DH: dog

PPP: 10-18wks

infective stage: L1

pathogenesis: chronic respiratory disease, granulomatous nodules containing coiled worms

diagnosis: Baermann, radiography, endoscopy

epidemiology: puppies

Strongyloides stercoralis

DH: dog, fox, cat, man

diagnosis: FWEC/floatation

epidemiology: tropics

Aelurostrongylus abstrusus

DH: cat

IH: snails, slugs

PH: rodents, birds

PPP: 4-6wks

infective stage: L4

pathogenesis: small nodules

diagnosis: baermann, radio, endo

epidemiology: hunting cats

Angiostrongylus vasorum

DH: dog, fox, canids

IH: slugs, snails

PH: frogs, birds

PPP: 7wks

infective stage: L3

pathogenesis: heart failure

diagnosis: Baermann, clinical signs

epidemiology: foci in rural areas

Toxocara canis

DH: dog, wild canids

PH: rodents

PPP: 2-5wks

infective stage: L3 within egg

pathogenesis: PGE, ill thrift, vomiting and diarrhoea

diagnosis: salt floatation, PME

epidemiology: puppies at risk, kennels

fecundity: 25-85,000 e/d

Toxocara cati & leonina

DH: cats, felids, dogs, foxes

PH: worms, rodents, birds

PPP: 10-11wks

infective stage: L2 in egg

pathogenesis: PGE, same as T. canis

diagnosis and epidemiology: see T. canis

Dirofilaria immitis

DH: dog, fox, canids, man

IH: mosquito

PPP: >6mo

infective stage: L3

pathogenesis: chronic congestive RHS heart failure

diagnosis: microfilaria differential, lateral flow

epidemiology: mosquitos, warm areas, high dog density

Ancylostoma caninum

DH: dog, fox, man

PH: rodents

PPP: 14-21dd

infective stage: L3

pathogenesis: blood feed; anaemia

diagnosis: salt floatation, PME, microscopy

epidemiology: humid, warm

fecundity: millions of eggs in weeks

Uncinaria stenocephala

DH: dog, cat, canids, felids

PH: rodents

PPP: 14d

infective stage: L3

pathogenesis: PGE + anaemia

overwinters

diagnosis: floatation, microscopy, PME

epidemiology: temperate regions

Trichuris vulpis

DH: dog, fox, rat

PPP: 3mo

pathogenesis: watery diarrhoea, haemorrhagic colitis

Capillaria aerophila/plica

DH: fox, dog, cat

IH: earthworms

PPP: 6wks

infective stage: L1

pathogenesis: bronchopneumonia

diagnosis; salt flotation

epidemiology: fox, passed in urine

Spirocera lupi

DH: dogs, foxes, cats

IH: beetles

PH: insectivores

PPP: 6mo

infective stage: L3

pathogenesis: oesophageal granulomas, eosinophilic/haemorrhagic tracts, nodules in oes

diagnosis: endo/radio, flotation, Clinical

epidemiology: RARE

Linguatula serrata (NOT A NEMATODE)

DH: dogs, foxes, cats

IH: sheep, cattle, rabbits

PPP: 6mo

infective stage: nymph

pathogenesis: asymptomatic, coughing, sneezing, nasal discharge

diagnosis: floatation of faeces or nasal discharge

epidemiology: dogs fed raw offal

Trichomonas fetus & gallinae (hosts, pathogenesis, diagnosis, epidemiology)

ppp: 15-20d

DH: cattle, cats, poultry

pathogenesis: abortion, endometriosis, diarrhoea

diagnosis: swab

epidemiology: bulls transmit, no vaccine

Encephalitozoon cuniculi (hosts, pathogenesis, diagnosis, epidemiology)

ppp: 3-4mo

DH: rabbits, rodents, humans

pathogenesis: encephalitozoonosis, aseptic foci in organs, meningoencephalitis

diagnosis: serology/histology

epidemiology: stocking densities, livestock wildlife interface

Histomonas meleagridis (hosts, pathogenesis, diagnosis, epidemiology)

ppp: 2-3wks

DH: turkeys, chickens

(IH: poultry ascarid worm)

pathogenesis: necrotic foci in liver, necrotic caecum, diarrhoea

diagnosis: PM histology

epidemiology: high mortality in young birds

Entamoeba histolytica (hosts, pathogenesis, diagnosis, epidemiology)

DH: multiple mammals, humans

pathogenesis: dysentery, liver abscesses

Giardia duodenalis (hosts, pathogenesis, diagnosis, epidemiology)

DH: multiple mammals

pathogenesis: giardiasis, diarrhoea

epidemiology: treatment with antibiotics

Balantidium coli (hosts, pathogenesis, diagnosis, epidemiology)

DH: pigs

pathogenesis: diarrhoea, colitis

epidemiology: treat with tetracyclines

Eimeria spp. (hosts, pathogenesis, diagnosis, epidemiology)

DH: poultry, cattle

pathogenesis: coccidiosis, diarrhoea

diagnosis: histology, on-site tests

epidemiology: vaccine? anticoccidials

Cryptosporidium spp.

DH: cattle and humans

pathogenesis: diarrhoea, faeces shed

diagnosis: histology, on-site tests

epidemiology: no vaccine, resistant oocysts

Besnoitia besnoiti (hosts, pathogenesis, diagnosis, epidemiology)

DH: cats

IH: cattle, deer, rodents

pathogenesis: cysts, infertility, high morbidity and mortality

diagnosis: ELISA, PCR, histology

epidemiology: problematic in young cattle

Hepatozoon canis (hosts, pathogenesis, diagnosis)

DH: dogs, wild animals, cats

IH: R. sanguineus ticks

pathogenesis: fever, organ-specific disease

diagnosis: blood smears

Toxoplasma gondii (hosts, pathogenesis, diagnosis, epidemiology)

DH: cats

IH: warm-blooded animals

pathogenesis: obligate intracellular, abortion in sheep, diarrhoea in cats, toxoplasmosis in humans

diagnosis: ELISA, PCR, histopathology, fecal float

epidemiology: vaccine, stop cats hunting

Neospora caninum (hosts, pathogenesis, diagnosis, epidemiology)

DH: dogs

IH: cattle, warm-blooded animals

pathogenesis: abortion in cows, neuromuscular in dogs

diagnosis: ELISA, PCR

epidemiology: keep dogs away from aborted materials

Sarcocystis spp.

DH: carnivores - dogs, cats, humans

IH: herbivores - ruminants, pigs, horses

pathogenesis: fever and weight loss in cattle, equine protozoal myeloencephalitis

diagnosis: PCR, histo, sero

epidemiology: hygiene, prevent access to offal

Babesia (hosts, pathogenesis, diagnosis, epidemiology)

DH: cattle, horses, donkeys

vector: Ixodes ricinus ticks, Rhipicephalus microplus ticks

pathogenesis: redwater, anaemia, abortion

diagnosis: clinical symptoms

epidemiology: asymptomatic carriers, naïve animals develop immunity, acaricides

Theileria spp. (hosts, pathogenesis, diagnosis, epidemiology)

DH: cattle, buffalo, sheep

vector: Rhipicephalus appendiculatus tick

pathogenesis: theileriosis, dyspnoea, lymphadenopathy

diagnosis: clinical signs

epidemiology: acaricides, resistance, vaccine

Plasmodium spp. (hosts, pathogenesis, diagnosis, epidemiology)

DH: birds

vector: mosquito

pathogenesis: avian malaria, low mortality in indigenous birds, high mortality in commercial flocks

diagnosis: blood smear

epidemiology: reduce mosquito exposure

Leishmania spp (hosts, pathogenesis, diagnosis, epidemiology)

DH: dogs

vector: phlebotomine sandfly

pathogenesis: (muco)cutaneous lesions, dermal abnormalities, systemic infection, kidney failure

diagnosis: clinical, lateral flows

epidemiology: vaccination, drugs with frequent, long-term dosage

Trypanosoma

DH: any mammal

Vector: tsetse fly

pathogenesis: sleeping sickness, trypanosomiasis, ill thrift, anaemia

diagnosis: clinical, blood smear

epidemiology: insecticide, therapeutic drugs

Teladorsagia circumcinta

DH: small ruminant

PPP: 3wks

infective stage: egg

pathogenesis: PGE, increased rumen pH, hypoproteinaemia

hypobiosis

diagnosis: FWEC, PME

Haemonchus contortus

DH: small ruminant

PPP: 2-3wks

infective stage: eggs

fecundity: 5000-15000 eggs/day

pathogenesis: PGE, anaemia, hypoproteinaemia

hypobiosis

diagnosis: FWEC, PME

epidemiology: warm, dry conditions

Trichostrongylus spp.

DH: small ruminant

PPP: 2-3wks

infective stage: eggs

pathogenesis: PGE, hypoproteinaemia, dark diarrhoea

hypobiosis

diagnosis: FWEC

epidemiology: late summer, over-wintered lambs

Strongyloides papillosus

DH: grazing animals

PPP: 2-3wks

infective stage: L3

pathogenesis: PGE, erthyma

diagnosis: FWEC

epidemiology: late summer, over-wintered

Nematodirus battus

DH: small ruminants

PPP: 2-3wks

infective stage: L3

pathogenesis: nematodirosis, diarrhoea, high morbidity and mortality

diagnosis: FWEC

epidemiology: eggs develop after cold snap

Muellerius capillaris, Protostrongylus rufescens

DH: small ruminants

IH: snails, slugs

PPP: 6-10wks

infective stage: L1 in IH, L3 in DH

pathogenesis: PB, lesions in lung

diagnosis: meat condemnation, PME

Dictyocaulus filariae

DH: small ruminants

PPP: 3wks

infective stage: L5

pathogenesis: PB

diagnosis: PME, FWEC

Ascarida galli

DH: poultry

IH: worms

PPP: 4-8wks

infective stage: egg

pathogenesis: ill thrift, haemorrhagic/catarrhal enteritis

diagnosis: FWEC

epidemiology: non-migratory, eggs survive in environment

Heterakis gallinarum

DH: poultry

I/PH: worms

PPP: 4-8wks

infective stage: egg

pathogenesis: non-pathogenic

diagnosis: differential

epidemiology: eggs survive in environment

Syngymus trachea

DH: poultry

PH: worms

PPP: 16-20dd

infective stage: L3

pathogenesis: eosinophilic inflammation, respiratory distress

diagnosis: PM, floatation

Strongyloides westeri

DH: equids

PPP: 1-2wks

infective stage: L3

pathogenesis: PGE, pastern dermatitis

diagnosis: FWEC

epidemiology: build up on pasture

Cyathostomin spp.

DH: equids

PPP: 1.5-3mo

infective stage: L3

pathogenesis: PGE, gut wall nodules, large inflammatory response

hypobiosis

diagnosis: FWEC, ELISA

Metastrongylus apri

DH: swine

IH: earthworms

PPP: 24dd

infective stage: L3

pathogenesis: catarrhal/eosinophilic bronchitis

diagnosis: salt floatation

epidemiology: outdoor reared pigs

Dictyocaulus arnfieldi

DH: equids

PPP: 60-90dd

infective stage: L3

pathogenesis: PB

diagnosis: Baermann

epidemiology: foals and donkeys

Strongyloides ransomi

DH: swine

PPP: 1-2wks

Infective stage: L3

pathogenesis: PGE, dermatitis

diagnosis: FWEC

epidemiology: build on pasture

Hyostrongylus rubidis

DH: swine

PPP: 3wks

Infective stage: L3

pathogenesis: type I&II ostertagiosis, gastritis

diagnosis: FWEC

Parascaris equorum

DH: equids

PPP: 10-16wks

infective stage: L2

pathogenesis: PGE, colic, ill thrift, resp. signs

diagnosis: history, FWEC

epidemiology: young animals, foal to foal

Ascaris suum

DH: swine

PH: earthworm, beetle

PPP: 7-9wks

infective stage L3

pathogenesis: milk spot, anaemia, PGE

diagnosis: FWEC, PM

epidemiology: weaners, resistant eggs, summer

fecundity: 200,000 e/d

Thelazia lacrymalis

DH: equids

IH: musca flies

PPP: 3-6wks

infective stage: L3

pathogenesis: lacrimation, corneal ulceration

epidemiology: worldwide

Oxyuris equi

DH: equids

PPP: 4.5mo

infective stage: egg

pathogenesis: anal pruritis

diagnosis: tapestrips, FWEC

epidemiology; transmitted by rubbing

Strongylus edentatus/equinus

DH: equids

PPP: 6-18mo

infective stage: L3

pathogenesis: asymptomatic, contribute to PGE

hypobiosis

diagnosis: FWEC

Strongylus vulgaris

DH: equids

PPP: 6.5-9mo

infective stage: L3

pathogenesis: verminous arteritis, aneurysm, thrombus, colic

hypobiosis

diagnosis: clinical, FWEC

Habronema spp.

DH: equids

IH: dipteran flies

PPP: 8wks

Infective stage: L3

pathogenesis: mild catarrhal gastritis, rice-grain sores

epidemiology: warm climate

Parafilaria multipapillosa

DH: equids

PPP: 9-12mo

infective stage: L3

pathogenesis: ruptured skin nodules

diagnosis: microscopy

Trichuris suis

DH: swine

PPP: 6-8wks

infective stage: L1

pathogenesis: PGE, watery diarrhoea

diagnosis: FWEC

epidemiology: survives in environment

Trichinella spiralis

DH: swine

infective stage: L1

pathogenesis: catarrhal enteritis, myositis

diagnosis: meat inspection, microscopy

epidemiology: nurse cell survives 20yrs

Ostertagia ostertagi

DH: cattle

pathogenesis: Type I/II ostertagiosis

hypobiosis

diagnosis: FWEC, bloods

epidemiology: temperate climates

Dictyocaulus viviparus

DH: cattle

PPP: 25-60dd

infective stage: L3

pathogenesis: dyspnoea, PB, weight loss, secondary infection

diagnosis: Baermann

epidemiology: unpredictable, young calves

Onchocerca ochengi

DH: cattle

IH: black flies

PPP: up to 1yr

pathogenesis: asymptomatic, hide damage with large burdens

epidemiology: IH habitat, foci in subtropics

Fasciola hepatica

DH: sheep, cattle, goats etc.

IH: mud snail

pathogenesis: liver damage, anaemia, weakness, host immunity limited, fasciolosis

diagnosis: PM, PCR, biochem, coproantigen, serology, FWEC

epidemiology: wet and humid weather, acidic marshes for snail

Fasciola gigantica

DH: sheep, cattle, goats etc

IH: water snail

pathogenesis: similar to F. hepatica

diagnosis: PM, PCR, biochem, coproantigen, serology, FWEC

epidemiology: tropics

Fasciola magna

DH: deer, cattle, sheep etc.

IH: water snail

pathogenesis: commonly asymptomatic

diagnosis: PM, PCR, biochem, coproantigen, serology, FWEC

epidemiology: Not UK

Dicrocoelium dendriticum

DH: sheep, cattle, goats etc.

IH: land snail, formica ants

pathogenesis: blocked bile ducts, liver damage

epidemiology: rare in UK

Calicophoron daubneyi, Paramphistomum cervi

DH: ruminants

IH: water snail

pathogenesis: rumen flukes, diarrhoea, ill thrift

epidemiology: incidental

Fasciolopsis buski

DH: pigs, dogs, humans

IH: snails

PPP: ~3mo

pathogenesis: intestinal ulceration and irritation

diagnosis: FWEC

epidemiology: human ingestion of water chesnut, manure

Opisthorcis felineus, Clonorchis sinensis

DH: humans, pigs, cats, canids

IH: fresh water snails > fish

PPP: 2-3wks

pathogenesis: usually asymptomatic

diagnosis; FWEC

epidemiology: public health

Schistosoma spp.

DH: humans, ruminants, dogs, cats

IH: fresh water snails

PPP: few months

pathogenesis: human schistosomiasis, organ failure

diagnosis: FWEC, serology

epidemiology: contact with water bodies

Anoplocephala perfoliata

DH: horse

IH: forage mites

PPP: 1-2mo

pathogenesis: low no. = low path, colic

diagnosis: FWEC, ELISA

epidemiology: longer at pasture, greater risk

Diplydium caninum

DH: canids, felids, man

IH: fleas, lice

PPP: 3wks

pathogenesis: non-pathogenic

diagnosis: FWEC

epidemiology: vector prevalence, TST?

Davainae proglottina, Raillientina spp/

DH: poultry, pigeons

IH: land gastropods

PPP: 2-3wks

pathogenesis: necrotic haemorrhagic enteritis

diagnosis: FWEC

epidemiology: free range

Moniezia expansa

DH: sheep, goats, cattle

IH: forage mites

PPP: 6wks

pathogenesis: non-pathogenic

diagnosis: FWEC, adults in faeces

epidemiology: occasional obstruction caused

Taenia hydatigena, T. ovis

DH: dogs, wild canids, carnivores

IH: sheep, cattle, pigs, horses

PPP: 4-8wks

pathogenesis: non-pathogenic, meat rejection

epidemiology: keep dogs from offal

Taenia multiceps

DH: dogs, wild canids, carnivores

IH: sheep mainly

PPP: 8mo

pathogenesis: coenurosis (Gid), neurological issues

diagnosis: PM, CS

epidemiology: western britain, hot spots

Taenia saginata (cysticercus bovis)

DH: humans

IH: cattle

PPP: 2-3mo

Pathogenesis: weight loss, D++, pain in humans, non-pathogenic in cattle

diagnosis: meat inspection

epidemiology: hygiene and control

Taenia solium

DH: humans

IH: pigs, rarely dogs, HUMANS

PPP: 2-3mo

pathogenesis: epilepsy in humans, asymptomatic in pigs

diagnosis: meat inspection

epidemiology: hygiene, cook pork

Echinococcus granulosus (Hydatid cysts)

DH: dogs and wild canids

IH: ruminants, humans, rabbits

pathogenesis: lesions in tissues, asymptomatic, cyst rupture > anaphylaxis

diagnosis: meat inspection, ultrasound?

epidemiology: foci in uK

Echinococcus multilocularis

DH: canids

IH: ruminants, humans, rodents

pathogenesis: lesions in tissues, asymptomatic, cyst rupture > anaphylaxis

diagnosis: meat inspection, ultrasound?

epidemiology: not in UK

Diphyllobothrium latum

DH: humans, fish eating mammals

IH: copropods > freshwater fish

PPP: 4mo

pathogenesis: fatigue, vomiting, diarrhoea

epidemiology: cook meat