AP Psych Unit 8

biopsychosocial model

assumes biological, psychological and socio-culturaal factors interact to produce specific psychological disorder

DSM

calissifies disorders and describes the symptoms, doesn’t explain the causes or possible treatments

Stigma

when someone views you in a negative way because you have a distinguishing characteristics of personal traits that’s though to be a disadvantage (negative stereotype)

neurotic disorders

distressing but one can still function in society and act rationally

judgements, reasoning, insight, reality all intact

no delusions, hallucinations, or changes to personality

psychotic disorders

person loses contact with reality, experiences distorted perceptions

in sight, judgement, reasoning, and contact with reality are impaired

may have hallucinations, delusions, or changes in personality

anxiety disorders

a group of conditions where the primary symptoms are anxiety or defenses against anxiety

fears something awful will happen to them

are in a state of apprehension or nervousness

generalized anxiety disorders (GAD)

marked by disruptive levels of persistent feelings of apprehension and tenseness and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal

restlessness, feelings on edge, irritability, sleep disturbance

comorbidity: 2 or more co-occuring conditions

panic disorder

disorder marked by moinute-long episodes of intense dread ( panic attacks) in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking and other frightening senstation

can cause secondary disorders like agoraphobia

phobia

marked by disruptive, irrtational fears of specific objects, activities, or situations

specific phobias:like agoraphobia, arachnophobia, or claustrophobia

agoraphobia: intense fear and avoidance of situations where escape might be difficult or help may not be available. open spaces, being outside the home, crowds, etc.

obessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

persistent unwanted thoughts (obsessions) cause someone to feel the need to engage in a particular repetitive action ( compulsion)

hoarding disorder

a mental health condition characterized by persistent difficulty discarding possessions, regardless of their value, leading to excessive accumulation and clutter that interferes with daily life and living spaced

post-traumatic stress disorder (ptsd)

flashbacks or nightmares following a person’s involvements in an extremely stressful event

memories of the even cause anxiety

haunting memoires, nightmares, numbness of feelings

social anxiety disorder

fear of social situations that involve possible judgements by others

social situations are avoided which causes significant life impairment

stimulus generalization

experiencing a fearful event and later developing a fear of similar events

Major Depressive Disorder

unhsppy for at least 2 weeks with no apparent cause

feelings of worthlessness and diminished interest in most activities

may have sucididal thoughs

aka dysthymia

bipolar disorder

involves periods of depression and manic episodes

mania: extremely high energy, loud/rapid speech, little need for sleep

depression: physically and mentally fatigued, feelings of worthlessness, changes in appetite, overwhelming sadness, suicidal ideation

bipolar 1

more severe

1 or more manic or mixed episodes

leads to serious problems or hospitalization or psychotic features

bipolar 2

1 or more hypomanic episodes (4 days or more) and no mania

1 or more major depressive episodes (2 weeks or more)

postpartum depression

depression after childbirth

seasonal affective disorder

experience depression during the wInter months

based not on temperature but on amount of sunlight

suicide

depression and anxiety triples a person’s risk for suicide

there are different factors that correlate with suicide rates- nationality, race, gender, age

non suicidal self injury

cutting, burning, hitting, pulling hair, inserting objects to skin

may be unable to tolerate emotional stress and/or have poor communication or problem solving skills

biological perspective

brain function- lower brain activity during depressed states

serotonin and norepinephrine are lacking during time of depression

prozac and zoloft help restore serotonin levels by blocking its reuptake

norepinephrine is overabundant during mania.

genetic predisposition

rumination

compulsive overthinking about problems and their causes

attributions

explanatory style

the way a person explains the causes of events in their life especially success and failures. they see events as:

stable vs unstable (permanent vs temporary)

internal vs external (my fault vs outside causes)

global vs specific (affects many áreas of life vs just this situation)

mania

a hyperactive widely optimistic state in which dangerously poor judgement is common

psychotic disorders

a group of disorders marked by irrational ideas, distorted percetions, and a loss of contact with reality

psychotic episode: 1 day - 1 month period when a person experiences delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech

schizophrenia

not split personality

typically develops in late adolescence

psychotic disorder marked by one or more of these 5 areas: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking or speech, disorganized motor behavior and negative symptoms

increased dopamine receptos

enlarged fluid filled areas and corresponding shrinking/thinning of cerebral trissue

abnormal activity in the frontal lobes, thalamus, and amygdala as well as a loss of neural connections across the brain network

disorganized thinking

the thinking of a person with schizophrenia is fragmented/bizarre

comes from a breakdown in selective attention-they can’t filter out information and can cause delusions

delusions

false beliefs

delusions of persecution-paranoia that people are out to get you

delusions of granduen-belief that you are more important than you really are

disturbed perceptions

hallucincations-(usually auditory) is a fake perception

inappropriate emotions and actions

laugh at inappropriate times

flat affect (emotionless)

senseless, compulsive acts

catatonia-motionless waxy flexibility

disortered movement, may be experienced as excitement (positive symptom manisfestation) or stupor (a negative symptom manisfestation)

positive vs negative symptoms

positive: presence of inappropriate symptoms (delusions, hallucinations, paranoia, disorganized speech, inappropriate laugher, tears, rage)laughter

negative: absence of appropriate symptoms (lacks emotional expression, motivation, interest in others/the world, ability to experience pleasure, unmoving body)

biological causes of schizophrenia

no known single cause

excess of dopamine recepters

low activity in frontal lobes

genetics

enlarged ventricles (fluid filled spaces) in the brain

shrinkage of brain tissue in the limbic system

prebatal viruses

acute vs chronic

acute: sudden and rapid development, usually inresponse to stress

marked by positive symptoms. more likely to respond to drugs, treatments, recovery

chronic: slow developing, usually negative symptoms

recovery is rare

in schizo, psychotic eidsodes last longer and recovery periods shorten

schizo affective disorder

same symptoms as schizophrenia and mood disorders (either depressive or manic episode)

delusional disorder

non bizarre delusions ( involving situations that occur in real life, like being followed, poised, etc) functioning and behavior aren’t obviously odd or bizarre

psychosis

can be caused by a medical condition (brain tumor, Alzheimer) medicines or drugs/alcohol

Somatic Symptoms Disorders

disorders in which symptoms take a bodily form without apparent physical causes

illness anxiety disorder

hypochondria

characterized by imagined symptoms of illness

they usually believe that the minor issues (headache, upset stomach) are indicate of severe illness

conversion disorder

a disorder relation to somatic system disorder in which a person experiences very, specific physical symptoms that aren’t compatible with recognized medical or neurological disorders

loss of impairment of some motor or sensory function due to a physchological conflict or stress

dissociatvie disorder

lissociatoin is sometimes described as a “mental escape” when physical escape isn’t possible or when a person is so emotionally overwhelmed that they can’t cope any longer. sometimes dissociation is like “switching off

not all episodes of dissociation require treatment

dissociation: a mental process of disconnecting from one’s thoughts, feelings, memories or sense of identity

controversal, rar disorders in which conscious awareness becomes seperated from previous memoires, thoughts, and feelings

dissociative amnesia

a partial or total forgetting of past experience, without organic cause

usually in reaction to a traumatic event

Dissociative Identity Disorder

used to be known as multiple personality disorder

often confused with schizophrenia

have a history of childhood abuse or trauma

unlike schizophrenia they have 2 or more distinct identities, aren’t psychotic, and have severe memory lapses

dissociative fugue

a form of dissociative amnesia characterized by physical relocation and the assumption of a new identity with amnesia for the previous identity (traveling amnesia)

personality disorderds

enduring patterns of internal experience and behavior that is deviant from one’s culture

persuasive and inflexible

begins in adolescence or early adulthood

is stable over time

leads to personal distress/impairment

antisocial personality disorder

dramatic, emotional, erratic cluster

characterized by a lack of conscience

prone to criminal behavior

no remorse when they hurt others

may develop sociopathy or psychopathy

often aggresive and are more concerned with own needs than others

amygdala is smaller and the frontal lobes are less active leading to impaired frontal lobe cognitive functions and decreased responsiveness to others distress

3 main clusters of personality disorders

a) odd or ecentric: paranoid, schizoid, schizotypical

b) dramatic, emotional or erratic: antisocial, historionic, narcissistic, boderline

c) anxious or fearful: aviodant, dependent, OCPD

paraniod personality disorder

odd or ecentric cluster

paraniod personality disorder-persuasive, persistent and eduring mistrust of others, and a profoundly clinical view of others and the wold

tend to be aloof, colds, distant, argumentative, hostile, and rigid

schizotypical personality disorder

odd or ecentric cluster

odd beliefs, perceptions, thoughts, speech and emotional expression

magical thinking, paranoid/suspicious of others, usually don’t have friends (due to suspicions)

schizoid personality disorder

odd or ecentric cluster

detached from social relationships (no close relationships, prefers isolation)

indifferent to praise.criticism, no interest in friendship or sexual activities, emotional coldness

bordelrine personality

dramatic, emotional, erratic cluster

quickly changing moods, interests, and opinions

view the world in extremes

intense and unstable relationships

may have a distorted image of self, impulsive/dangreous behavior, self harm, suicidal ideation

risk factors: family history, biological, environmental, cultural,and social

histrionic personality disorder

dramatic, emotional or erratic cluster

excessive attentions seeking behaviors

inappropriate seduction/flirtatuib

excessive desire for approval

dramatic behavior with exaggerated emotions and expression, impulse behavior, law frustration tolerance/consideration for others

narcissistic personality disorder

dramatic, emotional, erratic cluster

having an inflated sense of self importance

requires excessive admiration

takes advantage of others/lacks empathy

displays arrogance, self absobed, entitles, believe they’re spece, exaggerate their accomplishments

avoidant personality disorder

anxious or fearful cluster

extreme sensitivity to rejection, social evaluation, inadequency

avoids new experiences/people

dependent personality disorder

anxious or fearful cluster

clingy and submissive

needs constant advice/validation

dislike being alone

difficulty initiating tasks

obsesive compulsive personality disorder

anxious or fearful cluster

excessive preoccupation with otferliness, perfectionism, and control

psychotherapy

an interaction between a trained therapist and someone suffering from psychological difficulties

eclectic approach

therapy where the therapist combines techniques from different schools of psychology/various forms of therapy

psychodynamic

proposes that causes of mental disorders focus on unconscious thoughts and experiences often developed during childhood

may use free association, hypnosis and dream interpretation to gain insight in the client’s unconscious

themes that run through past and current relationships

expect for problems to dimish as they get insight into their unresolved/unconscious tensions

psychodynamic therapy has helped treat depression and anxiety

humanisitc therapy

focuses on people’s potential for self fulfillment (self actualization)

focuses on the present and future

focuses on conscious thoughts

take responsibility for your action

promote personal growth rather than curing illness

expect for problems to diminsh as people get in touch of their feelings

client centered theory

humanistic theory by carl rogers

therapist should use genuiness, acceptance and empathy to show unconditional positive regard toward their clients

active listening

central to Roger’s client centered theory

empathetic listening is where the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies

ex. how does that make you feel? what else? I think what you’re saying is…

client centered therapy

Rogers concedes that a therapist can’t be totally indirective or a perfect mirror of their cclient

1. paraphrase

2. invite clarification

3. reflect feelings

behavior therapies

therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors

the behaviors are the problem so we must change the behaviors

classical conditioning techiniques

countercontioning- therapy that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors

two types: exposure and aversive conditioning

exposure therapies

systematic desensitization: type of counterconditioning that associates pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety triggering stimuli (phobias) in contrast to flooding which exposes a person to an anxiety provoking situation at thee highest level of fear all at once

virtual reality: a counterconditioning technique that treats phobias creative electronic simulations in which people can sagely face their fears. can be used if the targeted stimulus or scenarios is expensive, difficult, etc

aversive conditioning

a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (nausea) with an unwanted behavior (drinking alcohol)

how would peppers on fingernail of a nail biter affect their behavior?

operant conditioning

token economy: an operant conditioning procedure that rewards a desired behavior

a patient exchanges a token of some sort (earned by exhibiting the desired behavior) for prize/treat

cognitive therapy

cognitive therapists try to teach people new, more constructive ways of thinking

Aaron Beck noticed that depressed people were similar in the way they viewed the world

used cognitive therapy to get people to take off the “dark sunglasses” with which they view their surroundings

REBT vs CBT

Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy: Elli’s confrontational cognitive therapy that challenges people’s illogical, self defeating attitudes and assumptinos

cognitive behavioral therapy: integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defating thinking) with behavior therapy

group and family therapies

group therapy: permits therapeutic benefits from group interaction

ex. self help groups like alcoholics anonymous

family therapy: views an individuals unwanted behaviors as influenced by or directed at other family members

evaluating psychotherapies

people who undergo therapy are more likely to improve more quickly and with less chance of relapse

no one type of psychotherapy is superior to another, depends on the disorder, clinical expertise, and patient’s preference/needs

all psychotherapies offer hope, fresh perspective and an empathetic and supportive relationship

biomedical therapies

aimed at altering the body chemistry

psychopharmecology

the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior

types of drugs

antipsychotic-treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder

anti anxiety-control anxiety and agitation

anti-depressent-treat depression, anxiety disorders, OCD, and PTSD

antipsychotic drugs

medicines used to treat psychosis-typically in schizophrenia and bipolar psychosis patients

thorazine, although effective, often has powerful side effects

tardive dyskinesia-neurotoxic effect involving involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs

block dopamine receptors

anti anxiety drugs

most widely abused drugs

anxiolytic drugs like Valium, librium, and xanax

like alcohol, they depress nervous system activity

antidepressant drugs

lift you up out of depression

most increase the availability of norepinephrine or serotonin

prozac, paxil and zofolt are known as SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) They block serotonin reuptake

lithium is an effective mood stabilizer used by those with bipolar disorder

treats anxiety disoders, OCD, PTSD

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain. the anesthetized patient will experience a mild seizure

usually produced temporary memory loss but has been very effective for temporarily ridding people of suicidal thoughts

alternative ECT

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)- application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain used to stimulate or suppress brain activity

doesn’t produce seizures or memory loss

psychosurgrey (lobotomy)

Egas Moniz developed the lobotomy and became popular in 1940s-50s

surgery that removes or destroys frontal lobe brain tissue in an effort to change behavior

ice pick like instrument through the eye sockets, cutting the lines between the frontal lobes and the emotional control centers

preventing psychoological disorders and building resilience

many psychological disorders could be prevented by changing appressive, esteem destroying environments into more benevolent, nurturing environments that faster growth and resilience (personal strength) that helped most people cope with stress and recover adversity/trauma

building resilience might prevent some disorders or even enable post-traumatic groth

positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstance and life crisis

cognitive behavior therapy

effective in helping people cope with anxiety, PTSD, insomnia, and depression

substance use disorder

naltrexone-blocks dopamine and lessens desire for the substance

antabuse-causes nausea when alcohol is consumed

mood stabalizers

treats mood swings and mania

lithium

SSRIs

prozac, zofolt

improves mood, sleep, energy, appetite, treats major depressive disorder (MDD), panic attacks, OCD, bulimia, PTSD

SNRIs

cymbalta

improves mood, alertness, and energy. treats MDD, anxiety disorders, OCD, social phobia, PTSD, ADHD< and pain disorders

NDRI

welbutrin

improves modd, treats MDD, seasonal depression, smoking cessation, can also be used to treat bipolar and ADHD

psychoanalysis

focues on how unconscious thoughts, hidden feelings and childhood experiences affect behavior

people may act certain ways because of memories, fears, or desires they’re not full aware of

behavioral perspective

how behavior is reinforced/learned

people act the way they do because of rewards, punishments, and experiennces that teach them certain behaviors

cognitive perspective

thought process

focuses on how people think, process information, remember, and solve problems

behavior is influenced by thoughts, beliefs, and the way someone interprets situations

humanistic perspective

nurture: how they feel nurtured/validated

focuses on personal growth, free will and reaching full potentioal

people try to be the best version of themselvves and make choice to improve their lives

biological perspective

predisposition

focuses on how the brain, nervous system , and genetics affect behavior

explains actions and feelings as results of physical processes in the embody and brain

sociocultural perspective

focuses on how the environemtn, culture, and the people around you shaoe your behavior

people act certain ways because of social rules, cultural values, or family and friends influences

free association

psychoanalytic technique where person says whatever comes to mind without thinking or censoring themselves

talking freely about your thoughts, feeling and memories so hidden or unconscious thoughts can come out