AP World History Modern Unit 5: Enlightenment, Nationalism, and Industrialization

These vocabulary flashcards cover key concepts, figures, and historical developments from AP World History Modern Unit 5, including Enlightenment philosophy, nationalistic revolutions, and the social and economic impacts of the Industrial Revolution.

Hobbes

A philosopher who believed humans are like animals and that society needed to sacrifice some freedoms to a strong central government in order to function.

Locke

A philosopher who believed all humans had natural rights that needed to be protected by the government.

The Enlightenment

A 17th and 18th-century movement that emphasized reason and logic over traditional beliefs and individual rights over community commitments.

Voltaire

A philosophe who used comedy to criticize political corruption and brought Enlightenment ideas to a larger audience.

Adam Smith

An Enlightenment-era thinker associated with the economic system of capitalism.

Utopian Socialism

Communities in which members and workers shared resources and held equal ownership and control of their businesses.

Feminism

A movement for increased rights and equality for women, represented by thinkers like Mary Wollstonecraft.

Abolitionism

The movement to end slavery and serfdom, which gained momentum during the Enlightenment.

Nationalism

A unifying force where people feel a common bond based on shared language, history, and customs, often threatening large empires.

Haitian Revolution

A revolution caused by issues involving sugar and coffee production and inspired by the French Revolution, leading to abolition and independence.

Bolivar Revolutions

Revolutions in Latin America driven by creole fears and Enlightenment ideas, often resulting in the rise of caudillos and continued conservatism.

Propaganda Revolution

A nationalist movement in the Philippines sparked by Filipino students and the arrest of Jose Rizal.

Agricultural Revolution

A period of increased agricultural productivity characterized by new techniques like crop rotation and the seed drill.

Cottage Industry

A method of production where textile companies provided raw cotton to women to weave in their homes before the development of large factories.

Factory System

A system of production that replaced the cottage industry, utilizing innovations like the spinning jenny and water frame.

Specialization of Labor

A production process involving the division of labor and assembly lines, exemplified by the Model T.

Enclosure Movement

The end of 'the commons' which drove population growth and urbanization as people moved to cities.

Second Industrial Revolution

An industrial phase characterized by the production and use of oil, electricity, and precision machinery.

Muhammad Ali

A leader in Egypt who implemented major reform strategies in the military, agriculture, and education to modernize the state.

Meiji Restoration

A period of rapid modernization in Japan affecting the military, education, and industrial production following the arrival of Matthew Perry.

Laissez-faire

A policy of 'leave alone' that promoted minimal government involvement in commerce and the reduction of trade tariffs.

Monopoly

A business that is large enough to block out any competing businesses, such as Rockefeller in the oil industry.

Corporation

A business chartered by a government as a legal entity owned by stockholders to minimize risk.

Labor Unions

Groups of workers who unite to demand better wages, safer working conditions, and voting rights.

Karl Marx

Author of the Communist Manifesto who critiqued laissez-faire capitalism and proposed socialism.

Tanzimat

A series of reforms in the Ottoman Empire under Mahmud II intended to create secular government systems and modernize.

Self-Strengthening Movement

A Chinese reform effort that aimed at modernization and maintaining the civil service exam.

Tenements

Crowded, poorly maintained housing developments in urban centers, often lacking proper sanitation and associated with the working class.

Mass Production

The large-scale manufacturing of goods that made products cheaper and more accessible, fueling consumerism.