chp2 human settlements

What is a human settlement?

Cluster of dwellings of any type or size where human beings live

Rural settlements specialise in?

Agriculture or other primary activities

Urban settlements specialise in?

Secondary and tertiary activities

Economic base of rural settlements?

Land-based primary economic activities

Economic base of urban settlements?

Processing of raw materials, manufacturing, and services

Social relations in rural areas?

Intimate (people are less mobile)

Social relations in urban areas?

Formal (way of life is complex and fast)

How many types of rural settlements in India?

4 — Clustered, Semi-clustered, Hamleted, Dispersed

Three factors determining type of rural settlement?

Physical features, cultural/ethnic factors, security factors

What is a clustered settlement?

Compact, closely built-up area of houses, distinct from surrounding farms and pastures

Geometric shapes found in clustered settlements?

Rectangular, radial, linear

Where are clustered settlements generally found?

Fertile alluvial plains and northeastern states

Where are clustered settlements found for security reasons?

Bundelkhand region (central India) and Nagaland

Why are clustered settlements found in Rajasthan?

Scarcity of water — compact settlement for maximum utilisation of water

What is a semi-clustered settlement?

Fragmented settlement where one or more sections live slightly away from the main cluster

Who occupies the central part in semi-clustered settlements?

Land-owning and dominant community

Who settles on the outer flanks in semi-clustered settlements?

Lower strata of society and menial workers

Where are semi-clustered settlements widespread?

Gujarat plain and some parts of Rajasthan

What is a hamleted settlement?

Settlement fragmented into several physically separated units bearing a common name

Local names for hamleted settlement units?

Panna, para, palli, nagla, dhani

Main cause of hamleted settlements?

Social and ethnic factors

Where are hamleted settlements found?

Middle and lower Ganga plain, Chhattisgarh, lower valleys of Himalayas

What is a dispersed/isolated settlement?

Isolated huts or hamlets of few huts in remote jungles or on small hills with farms/pastures

Main cause of dispersed settlements?

Extremely fragmented nature of terrain and land resource base

Where are dispersed settlements found in India?

Meghalaya, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Kerala

Census of India 1991 definition of urban settlement — minimum population?

5,000 persons

Census of India 1991 definition — minimum % of male workers in non-agriculture?

At least 75%

Census of India 1991 definition — minimum population density?

At least 400 persons per sq km

Census of India 1991 definition — administrative requirement?

Must have municipality, corporation, cantonment board or notified town area committee

Towns that existed during Indus Valley Civilisation?

Harappa and Mohenjodaro

Three categories of Indian towns based on historical evolution?

Ancient, Medieval, Modern

What are ancient towns? Examples?

Towns with history spanning 2000+ years, developed as religious/cultural centres — Varanasi, Prayagraj, Patna (Pataliputra), Madurai

What are medieval towns? How many exist?

~100 towns; developed as headquarters of principalities/kingdoms; fort towns — Delhi, Hyderabad, Jaipur, Lucknow, Agra, Nagpur

Three principal nodes developed by British?

Mumbai (Bombay), Chennai (Madras), Kolkata (Calcutta)

First trading ports developed by Europeans?

Surat, Daman, Goa, Pondicherry

Example of town based on modern industries (post-1850)?

Jamshedpur

Post-independence administrative headquarters (new towns)?

Chandigarh, Bhubaneswar, Gandhinagar, Dispur

Post-independence industrial centres?

Durgapur, Bhilai, Sindri, Barauni

Satellite towns developed around Delhi?

Ghaziabad, Rohtak, Gurugram

How is level of urbanisation measured?

% of urban population to total population

Level of urbanisation in India (2011)?

31.16%

How much did total urban population increase during the 20th century?

Eleven-fold

Number of towns/UAs in 1901?

1,827

Urban population in 1901?

25,851.9 thousand (10.84% of total)

Number of towns/UAs in 2011?

6,171

Urban population in 2011?

3,77,000 thousand (31.16% of total)

Decade with highest decennial urban growth rate?

1981 — 46.14%

Decade with lowest decennial urban growth rate?

1911 — 0.35%

Urban population % in 1951?

17.29%

Urban population % in 1971?

19.91%

Urban population % in 1991?

25.71%

Urban population % in 2001?

27.78%

Administrative towns — examples?

Chandigarh, New Delhi, Bhopal, Shillong, Guwahati, Imphal, Srinagar, Gandhinagar, Jaipur, Chennai

Industrial towns — examples?

Mumbai, Salem, Coimbatore, Modinagar, Jamshedpur, Hugli, Bhilai

Transport cities (ports) — examples?

Kandla, Cochin, Kozhikode, Vishakhapatnam

Transport cities (inland) — examples?

Agra, Dhulia, Pandit Deendayal Upadhyay Nagar, Itarsi, Katni

Commercial towns — examples?

Kolkata, Saharanpur, Satna

Mining towns — examples?

Raniganj, Jharia, Digboi, Ankaleshwar, Singrauli

Garrison cantonment towns — examples?

Ambala, Jalandhar, Mhow, Babina, Udhampur

Educational towns — examples?

Roorkee, Varanasi, Aligarh, Pilani, Prayagraj

Religious and cultural towns — examples?

Varanasi, Mathura, Amritsar, Madurai, Puri, Ajmer, Pushkar, Tirupati, Kurukshetra, Haridwar, Ujjain

Tourist towns — examples?

Nainital, Mussoorie, Shimla, Pachmarhi, Jodhpur, Jaisalmer, Ooty (Udagamandalam), Mount Abu

Objective of Smart Cities Mission?

Promote cities with core infrastructure, clean/sustainable environment and decent quality of life