Psych Exam 4 (12,14 & 15)

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Last updated 12:35 PM on 4/23/26
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96 Terms

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Psychological Disorders
Persistently harmful thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that impair functioning
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Deviant

Behavior that differs significantly from societal norms

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Distress
Emotional suffering or discomfort caused by behavior
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Dysfunctional
Behavior that interferes with daily life or well-being
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Situational Context
The specific social or environmental circumstances in which behavior occurs
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Cultural Relativity
Judging behavior based on the norms and values of one’s culture
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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)
A manual used by mental health professionals to classify and diagnose psychological disorders
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DSM-5
The most recent version (2013) of the DSM that includes updated classifications of disorders
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Insanity
A legal term describing inability to understand or manage one’s actions or distinguish right from wrong
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Anxiety
Feelings of fear, dread, or uneasiness
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Anxiety Disorders
Psychological disorders characterized by excessive fear or anxiety
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Adjustment Disorders
Emotional disturbances caused by ongoing stress that exceed a person’s ability to cope
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
Persistent and uncontrollable worry along with physical tension and arousal
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Autonomic Arousal
Physical symptoms of anxiety such as increased heart rate or sweating
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Panic Disorder
Sudden episodes of intense fear with physical symptoms like chest pain, choking, or rapid heartbeat
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Phobias
Persistent and irrational fears of specific objects or situations that disrupt behavior
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Hemophobia
Fear of blood
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Claustrophobia
Fear of enclosed spaces
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Acrophobia
Fear of heights
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Agoraphobia
Fear of open or public spaces
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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
A disorder involving unwanted repetitive thoughts and behaviors
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Obsessions
Repeated, unwanted thoughts or impulses
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Compulsions
Repetitive behaviors or rituals performed to reduce anxiety
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Exposure Therapy
A treatment that exposes individuals to feared situations while preventing compulsive responses
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Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
A disorder involving prolonged anxiety after a traumatic event
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PTSD Symptoms
Haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and sleep problems lasting 4+ weeks
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Personality Disorders
Enduring patterns of behavior that impair social functioning
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Antisocial Personality Disorder
A disorder where a person lacks conscience and is manipulative, impulsive, and selfish
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Psychopath/Sociopath
Terms often used to describe individuals with antisocial personality disorder
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Histrionic Personality Disorder
A disorder where a person seeks attention and overreacts emotionally
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Narcissistic Personality Disorder
A disorder involving inflated self-importance, lack of empathy, and sensitivity to criticism
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Borderline Personality Disorder
A disorder characterized by emotional instability, impulsivity, and unpredictable behavior
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Mood Disorders
Disorders characterized by extreme disturbances in mood
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Major Depressive Disorder
A disorder with prolonged feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and loss of interest lasting at least 2 weeks
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Symptoms of Depression
Fatigue, worthlessness, loss of interest in people and activities
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Depression Onset
Usually begins after adolescence, increases in early adulthood, most common in middle age
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Sex Differences in Depression
After puberty, women are twice as likely as men to experience depression
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Hormonal Differences
Hormonal changes may contribute to higher depression rates in women
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Coping Style Differences
Men tend to distract themselves, while women tend to ruminate on feelings
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Genetic Predisposition to Depression
Increased likelihood of depression if biological or adoptive relatives have it
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Bipolar Disorder
A disorder involving cycles of depression and mania
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Mania
A state of elevated mood, hyperactivity, and impulsive behavior
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Manic Symptoms
Euphoria, high energy, rapid thoughts, desire for action
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Depressive Symptoms
Tiredness, slow thinking, withdrawal, sadness
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Prevalence of Disorders: Sex
Women have more anxiety and mood disorders; men have more substance abuse and antisocial disorders
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Prevalence of Disorders: Geography
Rural and urban populations have similar rates of psychological disorders
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Flat Affect (Schizophrenia)
Reduced emotional expression, often seen in schizophrenia
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Psychotherapy
When a therapist helps a client gain awareness and change harmful behaviors, thoughts, or feelings
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Behavioral Therapies
Therapies that use learning principles to change maladaptive behaviors
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Behavior Therapy
The application of learning principles to make constructive changes in behavior
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Behavior Modification
Using classical or operant conditioning to directly change behavior
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Classical Conditioning Techniques
Therapy methods that use learning through associations to change behavior
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Counterconditioning
Learning new, healthier responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors
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Exposure Therapy
Therapy that repeatedly exposes a person to a feared object or situation to reduce anxiety
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Habituation
Reduction of anxiety after repeated exposure to a feared stimulus
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Aversive Conditioning/Aversion Therapy
Pairing an unwanted behavior with an unpleasant stimulus to reduce that behavior
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Conditioned Aversion
A learned dislike or negative emotional response to a stimulus
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Rapid Smoking
A technique where a person smokes rapidly to create a negative association with smoking
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Systematic Desensitization
A type of exposure therapy that pairs relaxation with gradually increasing anxiety-provoking stimuli
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Reciprocal Inhibition
The idea that one emotional state (relaxation) can block another (anxiety)
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Hierarchy
A ranked list of feared situations from least to most anxiety-provoking
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Vicarious Desensitization
Reducing fear by observing others safely engage with the feared stimulus
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Virtual Reality Exposure
Using computer-generated environments to expose patients to feared stimuli in a controlled way
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Operant Conditioning
Learning based on consequences, where behavior is shaped by rewards or punishments
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Reinforcement
A consequence that increases the likelihood of a behavior
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Positive Reinforcement
Adding something pleasant to increase behavior
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Negative Reinforcement
Removing something unpleasant to increase behavior
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Punishment
A consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behavior
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Positive Punishment
Adding something unpleasant to decrease behavior
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Negative Punishment
Removing something pleasant to decrease behavior
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Reinforcement and Token Economies
Behavior modification systems using rewards to encourage desired behaviors
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Tokens
Symbolic rewards that can be exchanged for real rewards
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Token Economy
A system where individuals earn tokens for desired behaviors and exchange them for rewards or privileges
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Psychoanalysis
A therapy developed by Freud focusing on uncovering unconscious conflicts
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Sigmund Freud
Founder of psychoanalysis
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Unconscious Conflicts
Hidden emotional struggles that influence behavior
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Free Association
A technique where a patient says whatever comes to mind to reveal unconscious thoughts
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Resistance
The blocking of thoughts or feelings during therapy
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Transference
When a patient transfers emotions about important people onto the therapist
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Brief Psychodynamic Therapy
A shorter form of psychoanalysis aimed at quicker insight
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Spontaneous Remission
Improvement of symptoms without formal treatment
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Waiting-List Control Group
A group that does not receive treatment, used to evaluate therapy effectiveness
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Cognitive Therapy
Therapy focused on changing negative thought patterns to improve behavior
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Selective Perception
Focusing only on certain negative aspects of a situation while ignoring others
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Overgeneralization
Applying one negative experience to unrelated situations
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All-or-Nothing Thinking
Seeing things in extreme, black-and-white terms
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Humanistic Therapies
Therapies that focus on personal growth and reaching one’s full potential
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Humanistic Therapy
The belief that people can grow and lead fulfilling lives
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Client-Centered Therapy
A therapy by Carl Rogers emphasizing a supportive, nonjudgmental environment
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Carl Rogers
Founder of client-centered therapy
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Unconditional Positive Regard
Accepting a person without judgment regardless of their actions or feelings
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Empathy
Understanding and sharing another person’s feelings
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Authenticity
Being genuine and honest in the therapeutic relationship
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Reflection
Repeating or rephrasing a client’s thoughts to increase awareness
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Antipsychotic Drugs
Medications used to treat symptoms of schizophrenia, such as hallucinations and delusions
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Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
A treatment for severe depression that uses electrical stimulation to induce a brief seizure