Micro Lab 8 PowerPoint Questions Spring 2026

Tears, saliva, mucus, and breast milk contain the enzyme _____________ that destroys certain bacteria.

 

granzyme

 

adenylate cyclase

 

protein kinase

 

lysozyme

lysozyme

Swollen ________ indicate that a foreign antigen is present, and leukocytes are rapidly multiplying to mount an immune response.

 

lymph nodes

 

bone marrow

 

thymus tissue

 

spleen tissue

 

lymph nodes

Which first-line defense molecules produced by the immune system kill pathogens, and pathogens rarely become resistant to them?

 

antibodies

 

AMPs

 

tumor necrosis factors

 

holoenzymes

AMPs

Which subcategory of first-line defenses does skin belong to?

 

chemical barriers

 

mechanical barriers

 

physical barriers

 

molecular barriers

physical barriers

The thymus and bone marrow are considered _________ lymphoid tissue.

 

primary

 

GALT

 

secondary

 

MALT

primary

The majority of secondary lymphoid tissue is called ________, and includes Peyer’s patches, tonsils, and the appendix.

 

bone marrow

 

MALT

 

lymph nodes

 

the spleen

 

MALT

Which granulocyte when stained exhibits red-orange granules, is moderately phagocytic, and attacks allergens and parasites?

 

mast cells

 

basophils

 

neutrophils

 

eosinophils

eosinophils

Which granulocyte contains granules packed with histamine, that stain dark purple?

 

basophils

 

neutrophils

 

eosinophils

 

monocytes

 

basophils

Which agranulocyte has a large horseshoe-shaped nucleus, and matures into either fixed or wandering macrophages?

 

dendritic cells

 

NK cells

 

monocytes

 

mast cells

monocytes

Signaling proteins that support cell-to-cell communication and initiate and coordinate immune responses are called ___________. Examples of these signaling proteins are interleukins and interferons.

 

siderophores

 

necrosis factors

 

cytokines

 

pyrogens

cytokines

Which complement pathway has complement proteins that are directly activated by interacting with a pathogen?

 

classical pathway

 

alternative pathway

 

lectin pathway

 

traditional pathway

alternative pathway

Which of the following is NOT a hallmark sign of inflammation?

 

redness

 

pain

 

swelling

 

fever

 

fever

Fever-inducing agents released by certain microbes are called ___________.

 

pyrogens

 

siderophores

 

adhesins

 

lectins

pyrogens

______ cells are involved in cell-mediated immunity and ______ cells are involved in humoral immunity.

 

T; B

 

granulocyte/agranulocyte

 

agranulocyte/granulocyte

 

B; T

T; B

T cells can be classified by certain glycoproteins on their surface called clusters of differentiation (CD). T helper cells are classified as __________, and T cytotoxic are classified as __________.

 

CD7/CD4

 

CD8/CD4

 

CD4/ CD8

 

CD8/CD3

CD4/ CD8

What is the function of activated macrophages in cell-mediated immunity?

 

recruits neutrophils and stimulates the production of antimicrobial proteins

 

stimulates the production of IgE and IgM

 

enhances phagocytic activity

 

activates cells related to cell-mediated immunity (macrophages, Tc cells, NK cells)

enhances phagocytic activity

Once T or B cells are activated, they proliferate and differentiate into active immune cells and ___________ cells that protect the body from reinfection from the same pathogen.

 

regulatory

 

post-immune

 

terminal

 

memory

 

memory

T helper cells produce cytokines that signal B cells to produce plasma cells, and T ________ cells, that function to destroy infected cells, cancer cells, and transplanted tissues.

 

regulatory

 

cytotoxic

 

stimulatory

 

necrotic

cytotoxic

The T helper cell subclass that stimulates B cells to proliferate and differentiate is called ________.

 

TH2

 

TH1

 

Treg

 

TC

TH2

Which of the following is a function of antibodies?

 

all answers are functions of antibodies

 

neutralization of antigens

 

activation of complement

 

increases phagocytosis

all answers are functions of antibodies

Which antibody isotype can be monomeric or dimeric, and is the primary antibody found in breast milk?

 

IgA

 

IgD

 

IgG

 

IgM

IgA

Which antibody isotype can be monomeric or pentameric, and is produced early in infection?

 

IgG

 

IgA

 

IgE

 

IgM

 

IgM

Various mechanisms used by the host to defend against unwanted pathogens is called __________.

 

hygiene hypothesis

 

immunity

 

tolerance

 

immune theory

immunity

First-and second-line defenses are considered ___________.

 

innate immunity

 

adaptive immunity

 

cellular immunity

 

humoral immunity

innate immunity

Which of the following is not considered a part of innate immunity?

 

skin

 

phagocytes

 

normal microbiota

 

cytotoxic T-cells

 

cytotoxic T-cells

Which of the following doesn't describe an action of first line-innate mechanical defenses?

 

flushing

 

rinsing

 

trapping

 

digesting

digesting

Which type of first-line innate defenses does stomach acid belong to?

 

physical barriers

 

cellular barriers

 

mechanical barriers

 

chemical barriers

chemical barriers

Which of the following is NOT a molecular second-line innate defense?

 

lysozyme

 

iron-binding proteins

 

complement

 

cytokines

lysozyme

Which of the following leukocytes is part of cellular second-line innate immunity?

 

neutrophils

 

T cells

 

B cells

 

plasma cells

neutrophils

Which type of cytokines interfere with viral replication in virus infected cells?

 

chemokines

 

interferons

 

interleukins

 

tumor necrosis factors

interferons

What is the innate immune function of ferritin in the blood?

 

induces apoptosis

 

binds free iron

 

recruits phagocytes

 

induces fever

 

 

binds free iron

Which of the following is not a complement pathway?

 

primary pathway

 

alternative pathway

 

classical pathway

 

lectin pathway

primary pathway

Which of the following in not an outcome of complement cascade activation?

 

fever

 

opsonization

 

inflammation

 

cytolysis

fever

What is the outcome when a MAC complex is formed in a cell?

 

cell proliferation

 

cell phagocytosis

 

cell lysis

 

cell differentiation

cell lysis

A molecule that stimulates an immune response is called __________.

 

an antigen

 

a siderophore

 

an opsonin

 

a pyrogen

 

an antigen

T cell and B cell receptors only recognize one type of ____________.

 

amino acid

 

complement protein

 

adaptogen

 

epitope

epitope

The cellular and humoral responses proceed through four stages of activation. Put the following stages in the order that they occur:

A) Antigen elimination and memory
B) Antigen presentation
C) Lymphocyte differentiation and proliferation
D) Lymphocyte activation

 

C, D, B, A

 

B, D, C, A

 

D, A, B, C

 

B, C, D, A

B, D, C, A