2D Respiratory System

External Respiration

The process of gas exchange between the atmosphere and the alveoli of the lungs, where oxygen is inhaled and carbon dioxide is exhaled.

Gas Transport in the Blood

The movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and the tissues through the bloodstream, facilitated by hemoglobin and plasma.

Internal Respiration

Gas exchange between blood and cells at the tissue level, movement of O2 and CO2 across capillaries in body

Functions of Respiratory Tract

Vocalization/Phonation

Tempeture control

Removal of toxins

Acid base balance

RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS

A condition characterized by an increase in carbon dioxide levels in the blood, leading to decreased pH. It often results from inadequate ventilation or lung disease.

RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS

A condition characterized by decreased carbon dioxide levels in the blood, leading to increased pH. It often results from hyperventilation or anxiety.

Upper respiratory system

Includes the nose, nasal cavity, and pharynx, responsible for air intake and humidification.

Lower respiratory system

Includes the trachea, bronchi, and lungs, responsible for gas exchange and air conduction.

Nasal Passages

The airways that connect the nostrils to the nasal cavity, facilitating airflow and filtration.

Turbinates

Structures within the nasal passages that help to warm, humidify, and filter the air as it is inhaled.

Why do turbinates have vascularization

to regulate temperature and humidity of inhaled air.

Why do carinail bones contain air filled cavities

to lighten the skull and enhance resonance of the voice.

Respiratory Mucosa

The mucous membrane lining the respiratory tract, responsible for trapping dust and pathogens, while humidifying and warming the air.

Larynx

The organ that houses the vocal cords, located in the airway above the trachea, and plays a key role in breathing, sound production, and protecting the trachea against food aspiration.

Trachea

The tube that connects the larynx to the bronchi, allowing air to pass to and from the lungs. It is reinforced with cartilage rings to maintain its shape and prevent collapse.

Bronchi and Bronchioles

The airway passages that branch from the trachea into the lungs, dividing into smaller bronchioles that further distribute air throughout the lung tissue.

Diaphragm

The division part between the thoracic cavity and abdominal cavity

Hilus

The region on the lung where blood vessels, bronchi, and nerves enter and exit, serving as the primary attachment point for the lungs.

Pleura Cavity

The double-layered membrane surrounding the lungs, providing lubrication and facilitating movement during respiration. Lower pressure and helps lungs stay inflated

Carbonic Anhydrase

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of carbon dioxide and water to bicarbonate and protons, playing a crucial role in maintaining acid-base balance and facilitating gas exchange in tissues.

Relationship between atmospheric pressure and pressure in lungs

The relationship between atmospheric pressure (760 mmHg) and pressure in the lungs (same) is vital for breathing, as inhalation occurs when lung pressure is lower than atmospheric pressure, allowing air to flow in, while exhalation occurs when lung pressure is higher. Intrapleural space is 756 mmHg