principals of psych 3

Language

A system for communicating meaning according to rules of grammar.

Receptive Language

Infants' comprehension develops quickly.

They can understand words and phrases before they can speak them, indicating a strong grasp of language concepts.

Productive Language

Humans learn to communicate verbally very quickly.

Babbling Stage

Occurs around 4 months; involves spontaneous uttering like 'goo goo gaga'.

One Word Stage

Around 1 year, infants produce single words like 'ball' or 'no'.

Two Word Stage

Around 2 years, children form two-word sentences like 'go car'.

Critical Period for Language

Language must be learned by a certain age for fluency.

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

The theory that language determines thought and perception of the world.

Linguistic Determinism

The idea that the language one speaks determines how they categorize and understand concepts.

IQ Calculation

IQ = mental age / actual age x 100; 100 is the average intelligence score.

Motivation

A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior towards a goal.

Drive-Reduction Theory

Motivation arises from physiological needs that create aroused tension states.

Arousal Theory

The theory that humans seek to maintain an optimal level of arousal.

Hierarchy of Motives

Maslow's theory that not all motives are equal; some take priority over others.

Self-Actualization

The process of fulfilling one's potential and becoming all that one can be.

Emotional Intelligence

The ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions effectively.

James-Lange Theory

The theory that physiological arousal precedes emotional experience.

Cannon-Bard Theory

The simultaneous occurrence of physiological arousal and emotional experience.

Schachter-Singer Theory

Emotions are derived from both physiological arousal and cognitive labeling.

Thin Slicing

Making quick conclusions about someone's personality based on brief observations.

Defense Mechanisms

Unconscious strategies used by the ego to deal with id desires and conflicts.

Repression

The defense mechanism that moves conflict into the unconscious mind.

Projective Tests

Psychological assessments that reveal unconscious thoughts through interpretation of ambiguous stimuli.

Cognitive Therapy

A psychotherapy that focuses on changing maladaptive beliefs.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

Combines cognitive and behavioral techniques to change destructive thought patterns.

Anxiety Disorders

Marked by persistent anxiety and maladaptive coping strategies.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Characterized by persistent, excessive worry across various aspects of life.

Panic Disorder

Characterized by recurrent panic attacks of intense dread or terror.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

Characterized by unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors (compulsions).

Schizophrenia

A psychotic disorder characterized by disorganized thinking and abnormal behaviors.

Mood Disorder

A psychological disorder characterized by significant disturbances in mood.

Eating Disorders

Severe disturbances in eating behavior and body image perception.

Psychotherapy

Treatment involving emotional interactions between therapist and client.

Biomedical Therapy

Treatment focusing on the biological aspects of psychological disorders.

Humanistic Therapy

Focused on self-actualization and the client's subjective experience.

Cognitive Restructuring

A technique in cognitive therapy aimed at challenging and changing negative thought patterns.

Emotional-Focused Coping

Reducing stress by attending to emotional needs rather than changing the stressor.

Social Support

The perception of being cared for and valued, which can reduce stress.

Relative Deprivation

The perception of being worse off compared to others, impacting feelings of happiness.

Carl Rogers

Humanistic psychologist known for his client-centered therapy approach.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

A pyramid of human needs

Theory that explains what motivates people and how they feel fulfilled.

It's based on the idea that people are driven to meet five basic needs in order to achieve well-being.

Arousals

Physiological activation that accompanies emotions.