food tehc

what are the three main categories of cooking methods?

moist cooking dry cooking and fat-based cooking

define moist cooking.

cooking food using liquid or steam as the transfer medium

name three examples of moist cooking methods.

boiling steaming poaching

state two advantages of moist cooking.

little or no added fat and foods become softer and easier to digest

state one disadvantage of moist cooking.

water-soluble vitamins such as vitamin c and b vitamins may be lost into the cooking liquid

which heat transfer methods occur during moist cooking?

conduction and convection

define dry cooking.

cooking food using dry heat without liquid

name three examples of dry cooking methods.

baking roasting grilling

state one sensory advantage of dry cooking.

creates browning which improves flavour colour and texture

which heat transfer methods occur during dry cooking?

conduction convection and radiation

define fat-based cooking.

cooking food using oil or fat as the cooking medium

name three examples of fat-based cooking methods.

deep frying shallow frying stir frying

why does fat-based cooking increase the energy content of food?

food absorbs fat during cooking and fat provides 9 calories per gram

what texture is commonly produced by fat-based cooking?

a crispy texture

why do we cook food?

to improve flavour texture digestibility safety and shelf life

how does cooking improve food safety?

it destroys harmful microorganisms and toxins

why is milk considered a nutrient-dense food?

it provides many essential nutrients relative to its energy content

name the main nutrients found in milk.

protein calcium vitamin a vitamin b12 iodine lactose and fat

what is the main carbohydrate found in milk?

lactose

what is the function of protein in milk?

growth repair and maintenance of body tissues

what is the function of calcium in milk?

development and maintenance of strong bones and teeth

why is calcium especially important during adolescence?

it helps achieve peak bone density during growth

why is iodine important in the diet?

it is required to produce hormones that regulate metabolism and growth

name three types of cows' milk.

whole milk semi-skimmed milk skimmed milk

what is lactose-free milk?

milk with lactose removed or broken down for people who cannot digest lactose

name two products made from milk.

cheese and yoghurt

why is milk a useful food for children?

it provides calcium protein and vitamin a for growth and development

define a vegetarian diet.

a diet that excludes meat and fish

what foods can vegetarians usually consume?

eggs dairy products fruit vegetables pulses nuts and seeds

define a vegan diet.

a diet that excludes all animal products

which foods are avoided in a vegan diet?

meat fish eggs dairy and honey

why must vegans plan their diets carefully?

to ensure adequate intake of protein calcium iron vitamin b12 and vitamin d

what is protein complementation?

combining two or more lbv protein foods to provide all essential amino acids

give an example of protein complementation.

beans on toast or rice and beans

why is vitamin b12 a concern for vegans?

it is naturally found almost exclusively in animal products

name two plant-based protein sources suitable for vegans.

lentils and chickpeas

what are two advantages of a well-planned vegetarian diet?

high fibre intake and lower saturated fat intake

define seasonal foods.

foods that are naturally harvested at a particular time of year

give an example of a spring seasonal food.

asparagus

give an example of a summer seasonal food.

strawberries

give an example of an autumn seasonal food.

pumpkin

give an example of a winter seasonal food.

parsnips

why are seasonal foods often cheaper?

they are more abundant and require fewer imports

why are seasonal foods considered more sustainable?

they reduce food miles and transport emissions

why may seasonal foods be more nutritious?

they are harvested and consumed closer together, reducing nutrient loss

what are food miles?

the distance food travels from production to consumption

how can seasonal foods support local economies?

they increase demand for locally grown produce

why is pumpkin pie associated with autumn?

pumpkins are harvested during autumn

define dextrinisation.

the browning of starch when exposed to dry heat

what causes dextrinisation?

the breakdown of starch molecules during dry heating

give two examples of dextrinisation.

toast browning and bread crust formation

how does dextrinisation affect the appearance of food?

it creates a golden-brown colour

how does dextrinisation affect flavour?

it produces a richer toasted flavour

why is dextrinisation important in food preparation?

it improves sensory qualities and consumer appeal

define free-range farming.

a farming system where animals have access to outdoor areas and freedom to move around

give three examples of free-range products.

eggs chicken and pork

why do some consumers choose free-range foods?

they believe animal welfare standards are higher

state two characteristics of free-range farming.

access to outdoors and more space to roam

why is free-range produce often more expensive?

more land is needed and animals grow more slowly

state one ethical advantage of free-range farming.

animals can display natural behaviours

state one disadvantage of free-range farming.

higher production costs

how many calories does fat provide per gram?

9 calories per gram

state four functions of fat in the body.

energy insulation protection of organs and transport of vitamins a d e and k

define saturated fat.

a fat that is generally solid at room temperature and may increase blood cholesterol levels

give three sources of saturated fat.

butter cheese and processed meats

define unsaturated fat.

a fat generally liquid at room temperature associated with improved heart health

give two sources of monounsaturated fat.

olive oil and avocado

give two sources of polyunsaturated fat.

oily fish and sesame oil

why should saturated fat intake be limited?

it increases the risk of cardiovascular disease

what is visible fat?

fat that can be clearly seen on food such as bacon fat

what is invisible fat?

fat hidden in foods such as biscuits chocolate and ready meals

state four ways of reducing fat intake.

grill instead of fry remove visible fat choose low-fat dairy products and select lean cuts of meat

why is grilling healthier than frying?

less fat is absorbed during cooking

why should poultry skin be removed?

it contains a high proportion of fat

why are oily fish considered beneficial?

they contain omega-3 fatty acids which support heart and brain health

compare saturated and unsaturated fats.

saturated fats increase cholesterol levels whereas unsaturated fats are associated with reduced cardiovascular risk

define fairtrade.

a trading system designed to provide producers with fair prices and improved working conditions

what is the main aim of fairtrade?

to achieve greater fairness in international trade

name four fairtrade products.

coffee tea bananas and cocoa

how does fairtrade benefit farmers?

it provides fairer and more stable incomes

how does fairtrade benefit workers?

it promotes safer and fairer working conditions

how does fairtrade support communities?

it funds local development projects such as schools and healthcare

why might consumers choose fairtrade products?

to support ethical and sustainable production

what does the fairtrade logo indicate?

the product meets fairtrade standards

how does fairtrade contribute to sustainable development?

it supports environmental protection workers' rights and community investment

evaluate one advantage of fairtrade for producers.

guaranteed minimum prices reduce financial uncertainty caused by market fluctuations

evaluate one advantage of fairtrade for consumers.

it allows informed ethical purchasing decisions